Location Decisions Essay

Deciding on the best location for a new business or relocating an existing one is often crucial to its success. Location decisions choosing new sites for expansion or relocation of the business are some of the most important decisions made by management teams. Selecting the best site will have a significant effect on many departments of the business and, ultimately, on the profitability and chances of success of the whole firm. Location decisions have three key characteristics: They are strategic in nature as they are long term and have an impact on the whole business. †¢They are difficult to reverse if an error of judgment is made due to the costs of relocation. †¢They are taken at the highest management levels and are not delegated to subordinates. An ‘optimal’ location decision is one that selects the best site for expansion of the business or for its relocation, given current information. This best site should maximize the long-term profits of the business. The optimal site is nearly always a compromise between conflicting benefits and drawbacks. For example: †¢A well-positioned high-street shop will have the potential for high sales but will have higher rental charges than a similar sized shop out of town. †¢A factory location which is cheap to purchase due to its distance from major towns might have problems recruiting staff due to lack of a large and trained working population. So an optimal location is likely to be a compromise one that balances: †¢high fixed costs of the site and buildings with convenience for customers and potential sales revenue †¢the low costs of a remote site with limited supply of suitably qualified labor †¢quantitative factors with qualitative ones Factors influencing location decisions †¢Site and other capital costs such as building or shop-fitting costs These vary greatly from region to region within a country and between countries. The best office and retail sites may be so expensive that the cost of them is beyond the resources of all but the largest companies. The cost of building on a Greenfield site one that has never previously been developed must be compared with the costs of adapting existing buildings on a developed site. †¢Labor costs The relative importance of these as a locational factor depends on whether the business is capital or labor intensive. An insurance company call center will need many staff, but the labor costs of a nuclear power station will be a very small proportion of its total costs. The attraction of much lower wage rates overseas has encouraged many European businesses to set up operations in other countries – for example, bank and Insurance Company call centers. †¢Transport costs Businesses that use heavy and bulky raw materials such as steel making will incur high transport costs if suppliers are at a great distance from the steel plant. Goods that increase in bulk during production will, traditionally, reduce transport costs by locating close to the market.

Brand and Dairy Milk

The story of Cadbury Dairy Milk started way back in 1905 at Bournville, U. K. , but the journey with chocolate lovers in India began in 1948. Currently Cadbury India operates in five categories, which are Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy, Gum and Snacks category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs, Celebrations, Temptations and Gems. Cadbury enjoys a value market share of over 70% – the highest Cadbury brand share in the world!Their flagship brand Cadbury Dairy Milk is considered the â€Å"gold standard† for chocolates in India. The pure taste of CDM defines the chocolate taste for the Indian consumer. Earlier Cadbury Dairy Milk had positioned itself as a chocolate for kids . Later it was repositioned as a chocolate meant for all age groups emphasizing on the children hidden in us. The model that we have used is Customer Based Brand Equity Model and with the help of this model we have analyzed that how Cadbury Dairy milk has evolved since years and its perception has changed in the minds of consumer overtime.Cadbury Dairy Milk has done this perception evolving process with the help of aggressive advertising and they have been very successful in achieving their target.COMPANY OVERVIEW HISTORY (CADBURY)In 1824, John Cadbury opened a shop in Birmingham. This one-man business, trading mainly in Tea & Coffee was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited. For over 100 years Cadbury was a family business. In 1943 non family directors were appointed. In 1847, the enterprise had prospered to a large factory in Bridge Street, Birmingham. John Cadbury took his brother Benjamin into partnership and the family business became Cadbury Brothers Birmingham.The business moved to Bourneville after outgrowing the Bridge Street Factory. The Workforce had risen up to 200 after 32 years at Bridge Street. After the death of two brothers in 1899, the company was privatized. It entered the era of scientific management; it introduced new ideas for their department like: Advertisement & Cost Analytical Laboratories Sales Department Offices Education & Training for Works Committee Medical Department employees On 2nd February, Kraft Foods took over 71% shares of Cadbury. They acquired it totally. But still Cadbury was on top in the market.This acquisition did not changed people’s mind and their craze for Cadbury Dairy Milk. Cadbury began its operation in 1948 by importing chocolates and then re-packing them before distributing it in the Indian market. After 62 years, it is having five companies at Thane, Induri (Pune), Malanpur (Gwalior), Bangalore, Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) and 4 sales offices in (New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai). The corporate office is in Mumbai. The company’s main purpose is â€Å"Working together to create brands people love† capture the spirit of wh at we are trying to achieve as a business.We collaborate and work as team to convert products into brand. Simply, â€Å"we spread happiness†! Currently Cadbury India operates in three sectors viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks and in the Candy category. In the Chocolate Confectionery business, Cadbury has maintained its undisputed leadership over the years. Some of the key brands are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Éclairs and Celebrations. Cadbury enjoys a value market share of over 70% – the highest Cadbury brand share in the world! Cadbury is the â€Å"gold standard† for chocolates in India.The pure taste of CDM defines the chocolate taste for the Indian consumer. In the Milk Food drinks segment our main product is Bourn vita – the leading Malted Food Drink (MFD) in the country. Similarly in the medicated candy category Halls is the undisputed leader. The Cadbury India Brand Strategy has received consistent support through simple but imaginative extensions to product categories and distribution. A good example of this is the development of Bytes. Crispy wafers filled with coca cream in the form of a bagged snack, Bytes is positioned as â€Å"The new concept of sweet snacking†.It delivers the taste of chocolate in the form of a light snack, and thus heralds the entry of Cadbury India into the growing bagged Snack Market, which has been dominated until now by Salted Bagged Snack Brands. Byte was first launched in South India in 2003. Since 1965 Cadbury has also pioneered the development of cocoa cultivation in India. For over two decades, we have worked with the Kerala Agriculture University to undertake cocoa research and released clones, hybrids that improve the cocoa yield. Our Cocoa team visits farmers and advises them on the cultivation aspects from planting to harvesting.We also conduct farmers meetings & seminars to educate them on Cocoa cultivation aspects. Our efforts have increased cocoa productiv ity and touched the lives of thousands of farmers. Cadbury Milestones The Cadbury story is a fascinating study of industrial and social developments. From a one man business in 1824, Cadbury has grown to be one of the world's largest producers of chocolate. A small family business developed into an international company and the high standards of the Cadbury brothers were combined with the most sophisticated technology, skills and innovation.VisionThe governing objective for Cadbury India is to deliver Superior Shareholder value.Cadbury in every pocket.Sustain growth of Cadbury’s market through aggressive product development.Focusing on cost competitiveness & productivity in operations and innovative utilization of assets.Investing to develop people.Missionâ€Å"To provide customers with a tempting and exquisite taste† as enticing treats means a mouth watering treat which is simply irresistible.â€Å"Cadbury means quality† this is the promise of Cadbury. Its repu tation is to built upon quality.Its commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that promise.CADBURY PRODUCTSChocolateCadbury Dairy MilkCadbury CelebrationsBournville5 StarPerkGemsTobleroneBRAND ELEMENTSDairy Milk has been meticulously built around the world by Cadbury. It has been able to sustain a strong position in the market. There are many branding elements which have resulted into consistent result of its success. In India and across the world, the only chocolate wrapped in Purple with the logo of Cadbury written on it. Color of all other products of Cadbury like Gems which is so colorful.Packaging which introduces slight of milk splash shows the relation of milk with Cadbury. Insignia Logo which comes on the packaging in bold vintage Dairy font in white which also shows the relation of milk with the product. Logo Not only the above three, But there are many more elements due to which the consistent Branding of Dairy Milk is so very popular. Its different Advertisements, its punch lines etc†¦ It has always kept a strong association with Milk, with slogans such as â€Å"a glass and half of full cream milk in every half pound. And also advertisement which featured a glass of milk pouring out and forming the Dairy Milk bar.Also the ad campaigns are also the important element of Dairy Milk. It made chocolate an eating habit among the consumers, especially the adults. Long back it was a belief that chocolate is only for kids. But Dairy Milk changed this belief. Also they changed the trend of Sweets (Mithai) during the occasions like Diwali, New Year etc†¦ Dairy Milk brought a new trend that whether any occasion, Dairy Milk is best for all. Tolani It also gave some famous dialogues from the ads which people remember always.They were also the core brand elements of Dairy Milk. Let us see them below:The Real Taste of Life- A girl Dancing on Cricket FieldKhane walo ko Khane ka Bahana ChahiyeKuch Meetha Ho JayePappu Paas ho GayaAaj Pehli Tareekh Ha iShubh AarambhAll these above dialogues were form the very famous and popular ad’s of Dairy Milk. By this ad they wanted to covey to the people that for eating Dairy Milk they do not haveto wait for any occasion. They can just have it. Whether they are happy or Sad, But Dairy Milk can be taken in any of the mood.BRAND PORTFOLIOWorldwide In June 1905, Cadbury launched its first Dairy Milk bar, with a higher proportion of milk and it became the best selling product of the company by 1913. Fruit and Nut was introduced in 1928. In 2003, Cadbury made Dairy Milk into a family brand by taking the brands like Caramel, Whole Nut, and Wispa and marketed them as the sub-brands of Dairy Milk. By2006, there were 15 Dairy Milk sub-brands produced in UK including Shortcake Biscuit, Wafer, Orange Chips, Mint Chips, Crispies and Cream Egg. In following two years these brands were discontinued as they were not successful.Indian Market The Dairy Milk Brand alone accounts for approximately 33% o f total Cadbury’s sales. It has made Cadbury the number one confectionery brand in the market. Currently in India, Dairy Milk has following sub-brands under its name.BRAND POSITIONING AND REPOSITIONINGCadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the chocolate category for years and has participated and been a part of every Indian's moments of happiness, joy and celebration. Today, Cadbury Dairy Milk alone holds 30% value share of the Indian chocolate market. In the early 90's, chocolates were seen as ‘meant for kids', usually a reward or a bribe for children.In the Mid 90's the category was re-defined by the very popular `Real Taste of Life' campaign, shifting the focus from `just for kids' to the `kid in all of us'. It appealed to the child in every adult and Cadbury Dairy Milk became the perfect expression of ‘spontaneity' and ‘shared good feelings'. The ‘Real Taste of Life' campaign had many memorable executions, which people still fondly rememb er. However, the one with the â€Å"girl dancing on the cricket field† has remained etched in everyone's memory, as the most spontaneous & uninhibited expression of happiness.This campaign went on to be awarded ‘The Campaign of the Century', in India at the Abby (Ad Club, Mumbai) awards. In the late 90's, to further expand the category, the focus shifted towards widening chocolate consumption amongst the masses, through the ‘Khanewalon Ko Khane Ka Bahana Chahiye' campaign. This campaign built social acceptance for chocolate consumption amongst adults, by showcasing collective and shared moments. More recently, the ‘Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye' campaign associated Cadbury Dairy Milk with celebratory occasions and the phrase â€Å"Pappu Pass Ho Gaya† became part of street language.It has been adopted by consumers and today is used extensively to express joy in a moment of achievement and success. The interactive campaign for â€Å"Pappu Pass Ho Gaya† ba gged a Bronze Lion at the prestigious Cannes Advertising Festival 2006 for ‘Best use of internet and new media'. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India Mobile service and allowed students to check their exam results using their mobile service and encouraged those who passed their examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk.The ‘Pappu Pass Ho Gaya' campaign also went on to win Silver for The Best Integrated Marketing Campaign and Gold in the Consumer Products category at the EFFIES 2006 (global benchmark for effective advertising campaigns) awards.SOME INTERESTING FACTSCadbury Dairy Milk emerged as the No. 1 most trusted brand in Mumbai for the 2005 edition of Brand Equity's Most Trusted Brands survey. Cadbury Dairy Milk & Bournvita have been declared a â€Å"Consumer Superbrand† for 2006-7 by Superbrands India. During the First World War, Cadbury Dairy Milk supported the war effort.Over 2,000 male employees joined the armed forces and Cadbury sent bo oks, warm clothes and chocolates to the front.CHANGING PERCEPTIONDairy Milk has regular users. They do not have any particular occasion. They just have it. Children and youngsters play an important role Decision Roles in deciding when to have dairy milk. And now old age people also are slowly are in decision making. Dairy Milk has changed the scenario of having Occasions sweet sometimes. They say have it anytime including Diwali, Raksha bandhan, Weddings Dairy Milk have absolute loylaty status.Loyalty Status As we know that Dairy Milk is the only Brand who is the only one to promote chocolate as an important part of Festivals as well as it changed the mind sets of the people that chocolate is not only for kids but for all. The strategy to target adults was taken further with the help of a brand new positioning â€Å"Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye†. For Indians occasions and festivals have utmost importance and Dairy Milk rigorously focused on this point and set a new trend of having Dai ry Milk in place of â€Å"Mithai† during the occasions.CHANGING PERCEPTION OVERTIME THROUGH ADVERTISEMENTCadbury is a brand that all of us have literally grown up with. Though it has been immensely successful in its operations in the USA, UK, Australia, etc. from the 1800s, it entered the Indian market only in 1948. Since then, it has used a variety of strategies and a string of ad campaigns to reach out to the Indian consumer. Initially, Cadbury ads targeted children – they showed a loving father bringing chocolates home for the children as a surprise. The ads were formulated keeping in mind the Indian society then, where the children didn’t have money with themselves to buy sweets and chocolates.With this, Cadbury was able to capture a substantial part of its target segment – the kids. Next, it launched its famous ad where a teenage girl watches her friend play cricket and jumps into the cricket field, eating a Cadbury chocolate as soon as he hits a cen tury. Another advertisement showed a prospective bride with mehndi on her hands, prying open the wrapping of Cadbury chocolate with her elbows. It showed that teenagers too can enjoy the Cadbury chocolate. Girl in the cricket field Mehndi Next came the much talked about ad featuring Cyrus Broacha. It showed people from all age groups – a housewife in her 40s, a couple well into their 60s, and a teenager – enjoying the chocolate as Cyrus sang in the background â€Å"Khaane walon ko khaane ka bahaana chahiye†. In this way, Cadbury created inroads into all possible age groups. Post this, Cadbury changed its strategy. Having tapped all age-groups, it wanted to project Cadbury chocolates as a meetha – thereby trying to eat into the market of traditional Indian sweets.Advertisements were doled out showing Cadbury chocolate being enjoyed at every possible instance- before a good task (Shubh kaam ke aarambh se pehle), after dinner (Khaane ke baad meethe mein k ya hai), on payday (Khush hai zamaana aaj pehli taariq hai), after passing exams (Pappu pass ho gaya) or while just having a good day (Main khush hun aaj khamakha). Apart from this, Cadbury always comes out with special advertisements before important festivals like Diwali (toh iss Diwali aap kise khush karenge) and Rakshabandhan (Cadbury Celebrations- Pyar ka shagun).Cadbury was projected as the chocolate to eat on important as well as happy occasions. Kuch meetha ho jaaye Shubh Aarambh Khaane ke baad Khush hai zamana Pappu pass ho gaya Main khush hun Diwali Rakshabandhan It is because of such intelligent and innovative marketing strategies that Cadbury is the most successful chocolate brand in the India. Even now it posts a revenue growth of 30% annually, which is amazing.COMMUNICATION STRATEGYCadbury was the one having 70 % market shares in chocolate industry. Out of which 30% was the Dairy Milk alone. This is because of constant re-invention of the brand & bombarding comm unication towards the consumers consistently to maintain the top position in mind recall in confectionery segment.Dairy Milk was awarded as No. 1most trusted brand in Mumbai 2005 for the edition of Brand Equity’s most trusted Brand Survey. Dairy Milk targeted all the aspects as possible to get into the heart of all the people, ofall age groups. For this they communicated with people through different Ad’s &Campaigns. Let us see few of them below: Khane walo KO Khane ka Bahana Chahiye Pappu Paas Ho Gaya Shubh Aarambh was one of successful campaigns of Dairy Milk. This means Auspicious Beginning. With this campaign they said that for whatever you start, start it with Dairy Milk and it will be successful.For this they chose the best to advertise: Amitabh Bacchhan.TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATIONDairy Milk used different media options to communicate different campaigns and promote Dairy milk. They are: Outdoor Television Radio Internet TV Advertisements is the most popular method f or Dairy Milk to show their new campaigns to people so that they can more and more relate it with their personal lives. They also have ground promotions in different malls. They arrange some contests also to promote their brand.DISTRIBUTION STRATEGYAs we know that Dairy Milk holds 30% value share of chocolate market. The demand of chocolate is increasing day by day. And Dairy Milk is no. 1 in that race. Indian market &specifically where the penetration of chocolates is increasing, brings a need for efficiencyin logistics and distribution. There is stiff competition in the confectionery market due to large exposure of foreign currency rate risk, mainly on account of import of cocoa beans, cocoa butter. Cadbury Dairy Milk is easily available anywhere in the market. Cadbury’ success of proper distribution is their efficiency.PRICING STRATEGYDairy Milk is positioned towards age group of 4-50, and thus the price is accordingly kept affordable. Also it is easily accessible to all c ategories. Price range starts from Rs. 5to Rs. 20 in different sizes. Cadbury Dairy Milk fruit and nut starts from Rs. 30. Dairy Milk Silk is a premium brand and thus the price of it is little higher that is Rs. 50.MARKET SHARECadbury Dairy Milk has launched some very creative advertisements in India over the years. More than innovative, the ads have been very relevant to the Indian ethos.The ‘shubh aarambh’ ads which captured the Indian tradition of having something sweet before an important occasion or ‘kuch meetha ho jaye’ which associated Cadbury Dairy Milk with celebratory occasions. Recently, Cadbury Dairy Milk has been airing the ‘meethe mein kuch meetha ho jaye’ campaigns which have found a lot of favour with the audience. The ads, in typical Cadbury style, are very heartwarming and creative. If we look through the years, we can clearly see that Cadbury is doing everything possible to maintain a strong hold on the Indian chocolate marke t.While it remains a dominant leader with over 70% of the market share, this has eroded over the years as competitors like Nestle, Amul and CAMPCO have made strong forays. There was a time before and during the early 90s when Cadbury’s enjoyed an even higher market share. This was the time when chocolates were very clearly positioned for children. However, with the entry of global giant Nestle, two things happened. Firstly, there was a sudden spurt of competition for Cadbury. But more importantly, the market began to grow at a faster pace.Cadbury seized this opportunity and started creating advertisements that were targeted towards the ‘kids in all of us’. This was a very smart move as they already had the children’s segment all tied up. Moreover, the children of the 90s have now grown up, and Cadbury still offers them reasons to eat Dairy Milk. Hence, while their market share has eroded by a few points, Cadbury has significantly improved its revenues in a bsolute terms by evolving a long term advertising plan and one that is very relevant to the Indian context.With predominantly Indian themes, special moments (remember the girl dancing on the cricket field) and soulful music, Cadbury has really managed to connect with the audience. The recent ‘meethe mein kuch meetha ho jaye’ campaign is simply a continuation of this strategy to expand the market. In conclusion, Cadbury Dairy Milk has managed to take a simple chocolate bar and create numerous associations with it over the years. It has built up different audiences over the years, and to every audience it offers a different meaning but one that is very relevant.COMPETITOR’S ANALYSISIn Indian Market, the main players in the confectionery market are Cadbury, Nestle, Candico, ITC and Parle. Let us see the competitors of Cadbury Dairy Milk in detail below Company Founded in Brand Portfolio Kraft Foods 1903 Cadbury Dairy Milk & Variants, Éclairs, Bourn vita etc†¦Nestle 1860 Kitkat, Smarties Ferrero 1940 Rocher, Raffaelo, Nutella Amul 1945 Milk Chocolate, Fruit and Nut chocolate Candico 1997 Loco Poco Gum, Big Bubble ITC 2002(Confectionery Minto and Candy man Segment)Parle 1929 Melody, Mango Bite, Poppins, Kismi, Orange Candy.POINT OF PARITY (POP) & POINT OF DIFFERENCE (POD)POPs PODs Point of Parity Point of Difference Attributes or benefits Attributes which are which are strongly not unique but associate with somewhat same as competitive brand. compared to other They make the brand brands. something different from the other.POP’s & POD’s OF CADBURY DAIRY MILKPoint of Parity Point of Difference Chocolate manufacturing Legacy GoodwillVariants such as Fruit & Nut, Dark Emotional connect with customers Chocolate Constant innovation in ads Generic name in Indian chocolate market Good quality products Campaigns targeting from kids to adults Association with milk Excellent distribution systems 2 Layer packaging Dairy Milk is the on ly one chocolate which says that in occasions also it can be used as sweet.BRAND EXPLORATORYCustomer Knowledge Cadbury dairy Milk has been trying to get out of the image of† Just another chocolate† and become something special in the minds of the people.They have also been trying to position themselves as chocolates for all age groups and not just kids. The campaign has successfully created a picture in the mind of the customers that Cadbury is not just a chocolate but means of celebrations. Sources of Brand Equity There are two main sources of Brand Equity and they are: Brand Brand Image Awareness It is customers ability to It is consumers identify under different perception about the situations. brand. Brnad Image has three Two things form Brand main pillars: How Awareness: Brand strong it is, Is it Recognition and Brand Favourable and what Recall are the unique brand associations.BRAND AMBASSADORSAs we know that previously Dairy Milk was only considered as Chocolate, but their new campaign has changed this perception of consumers. As discussed above now Dairy Milk is considered as Traditional sweet of Indian culture(Mithai) which people give to their near and dear ones on the occasions and now they use Dairy Milk as sweet (Mithai). Brand Ambassador chosen for Dairy Milk is none other than Megastar Amitabh Bacchhan. He endorsed the brand so successfully that everyone loved the brand much more than they did.The endorsement has successfully captured the Indian festivals like Raksha bandhan, Diwali, Wedding, Birthdays etc†¦ Now people give Dairy Milk as token of love, care and affection to their friends and family.BRAND MANTRA OF DAIRY MILKDairy Milk also enjoys a great – Brand Recall value when comes to chocolates with Milk. Dairy Milk has huge command over – its distribution network spanning across India. Certain segment feel that price of innovations with crafted Dairy Milk is high and compared to communication campaign that Am ul Milk chocolate is preferred.It offers quality product with Dairy Milk is somewhat lacking in establish a clear and consistent other emerging markets. It has Brand Image over the years. Strong command over its brand image in India and Europe But other places it is lacking. Dairy Milk has been able to the recent acquisition of Cadbury which is a globally established by Kraft Foods may result in brand name known for its somewhat negative effect on the manufacturing competency and brand.CUSTOMER-BASED BRAND EQUITY PYRAMIDRationale of CBBE model:Basic premise: The power of a brand resides in the minds of the customers. The challenge is to ensure that the customers have the right kind of experiences with the products and services and their marketing program to create the right brand knowledge structures i. e. Thoughts Feelings Images Perception & Attitudes Building a strong brand involves a series of steps as part of a â€Å"branding ladder†. It is characterized by a logically c onstructed set of brand â€Å"building blocks†. We need to identify the areas of strength and weakness and to provide guidance to marketing activities.BRAND SALIENCEBrand Salience measures awareness of the brand, how often and how easily the brand is evoked under various situations or circumstances. It is the same as brand identity i. e. Who are you?DEPTH OF AWARENESSIt measures how likely it is for a brand element to come in mind i. e. ease of recognition and the ease with which it does so i. e. recall value. The Cadbury brand is associated with best tasting chocolate which includes from everything from solid blocks to chocolate filled bars and novelties. For many people , chocolate is Cadbury and no other brand will do.The core values of quality, taste and emotion supports the Cadbury brand. Consumers know that they can trust a chocolate bar that carries Cadbury branding. The swirling chocolate and „glass and a half? are powerful images. They both portray a desire for chocolate while the half full glass suggest core values of goodness and quality. The brand has been successful in establishing the link, in the mind of the consumer ,that Cadbury equals chocolate.BREADTH OF AWARENESSIt measures the range of purchase and usage situations in which the brand element comes to mind.Branded products command premium prices. Consumers are willing to pay the premium if they believe that the brand offers levels of quality and satisfaction that competing brands do not. Now Dairy Milk comes in Rs. 5 The campaigns of „Pappu pass ho gaya? and „Miss Palampur? aim to popularize Dairy Milk connecting it to various usage situations. Three consumer segments of „impulse? , „take home? and „gift? has been identified. Impulse purchases are usually products bought for immediate consumption. Take Home confectionary is generally bought in supermarket and is often driven by specific need.The specific need or usage can be an occasion. The consum ers make more rational decisions like brand influence, price/value relationship. These areas are further subdivided for e. g. the gift sector comprises special occasions (B?days or festivals) and token or spontaneous gift.BRAND PERFORMANCEIt describes how well the product meets customers? more functional needs. It transcends the product?s ingredients and features to include dimensions that differentiate the brand. The Cadbury brand name has been existence since 1824 when John Cadbury opened his shop in Birmingham, England.Over the years it has survived in a highly competitive market and developed its competitive advantage. It is successful in communicating the customers that it is still the ultimate in chocolate pleasure. It has shown the consistency in performance. The strength of the umbrella brand supports the brand value of each chocolate bar, thus implying how reliable the brand is. Cadbury’s packaging on the functional level, the pack was structurally sound to protect t he product quality in distribution and storage conditions, thus the consumers can acknowledge the durability of the product.The economic life of the product was mentioned in the product as per the respective food regulatory body. Cadbury’s world famous packaging is comprised of four key elements:1. Distinctive packaging design.2. The Cadbury corporate purple color.3. The glass and a half full of full cream milk logo.4. The Cadbury script logo.These elements convey to consumers the memorability, distinctiveness and high quality of Cadbury products. The attractiveness of packaging alone can be instrumental in stimulating a purchase specially impulse buyers.The brand also comes in various attractive packages for different occasion like „Diwali?, „Raksha Bandhan?, „Christmas? etc.BRAND IMAGERYIt depends on the extrinsic properties of the product including the ways in which the brand attempts to meet customer?s psychological or social needs. The intangible associ ation to Cadbury includes family experiences, childhood memories. The product could be bought from supermarket on the insistence of the child to its parents or from department store or specialty store through impulse buying or for little pleasures.The Cadbury as a person is able to create a feeling of warmth, the togetherness of family & friends on special occasions, to hold those relationships in life which are of prime importance and to savor the sweet success of winning. The core values of quality, taste and emotion are the pillars of the brand. The milk pouring on the chocolate bar, the icon represents the unique production process in Cadbury?s Dairy Milk chocolate which uses a glass and a half of full cream Irish milk in every half-pound, hence the unique taste of the chocolate.It serves to identify the product, its contents and the manufacturer. The heritage that has been passed down from the past.BRAND JUDGMENTSThese are customer’s personal opinions about and evaluatio ns of the brand, which consumers form by putting together all the different brand performance and imagery associations. Brand Quality: Consumers trust the brand because there is certain level of quality attached to it. The people buy chocolates during the auspicious occasion as a token of their love tells the level of trust that the people have.Brand Credibility: The brands like Five Star, Perk derive benefit from the Cadbury parentage including quality and taste credentials. The flagship chocolate brand, Cadbury Dairy Milk which is over 100 years old, is the third largest largest chocolate brand globally with retail sales of $2 billion. Its revenue grew by 5% in the year 2007 and by further 9% in the first half. Brand Consideration: The brand has been considered for possible purchase and use not only as a chocolate but it has become a substitute for sweet. The punchline „Kuch Meetha Ho Jaye? justifies this.The campaign has been highly successful with the brand endorsement of Amitabh Bachchan and consumers buy it for occasions like â€Å"Diwali† and â€Å"Raksha Bandhan† Brand Superiority: The unique taste of chocolate which comes in a pure form.BRAND FEELINGSThese are customers? special responses and reactions to the brand. The feelings that are evoked by the marketing program or by other means. Warmth The brand evokes a soothing type of feeling. As the chocolate melts inside our mouths, a similar soothing effect is felt inside our hearts.The commercial for the cricket match shows how sweet success of winning can be savored by the sweet taste of Cadbury. It also depicts fun and excitement. Passion It is reflected in the impulse buying nature of consumers. The commercial featuring a girl with „mehndi? put on her palms has a strong desire to have chocolates and she is adamant to have it. Bond of love & relationships The brand provides the consumers with an opportunity to express their love to their family and friends. It is a time to c elebrate and have few precious moments of togetherness.Enthusiasm The cricket match commercial also reflects the fun & the excitement. The brand makes the consumers feel excited.BRAND RESONANCEIt describes the nature of this relationship and the extent to which customers feel that they are â€Å"in sync† with the brand. It is characterized in terms of intensity, or the depth of psychological bond that customers have with the brand, also the level of activity engendered by this loyalty ( repeat purchase rates and extent to which customers seek out brand information). Attitudinal attachmentThe level of attachment can be judged by the fact that the consumers feel that is a perfect gift for special occasions. It could be used to express their token of love. The â€Å"little pleasures† that can be derived from the moments of family get-together. The moment consumers think about celebration they think about the brand. Sense of community The consumers feel a kinship or affili ation with other people associated with the brand. The commercial in which BigB and his childhood friend exchange their gifts they feel how much their choices resemble and automatically a feeling of kinship is developed.The sense of belongingness to that particular brand is generated. Behavioral loyalty The repeat purchases on various occasion be it Diwali, Christmas or to express their love or vote of thanks, only this brand comes to the consumers mind. This is the level of loyalty that the Cadbury brand shares with it consumers.RECOMMENDATIONSMaintain dominance in chocolate segment.Many new players are trying to enter Indian market so it should formulate new strategies so as not to lose market share.New channels such as gifting, child connectivity and value for money offering to be the key growth drives. Grow volume sales at least 20% p. a. over the next years.One new major product launch every year.FDI will bring in many new products and competitors so Cadbury will have to mainta in there strong market distribution channel so as not to lose market share.They need to maintain high standards and should be careful that there product remains sterile. And is not effected by insects.They should change packaging of Dairy Milk. Conclusion Will lose market share with globalization (a la Maruti) but will remain brand leader.Pest Analysis P: since the budget range is decontrolled, no political effects are envisaged.E:1) increasing per capita income resulting in higher Disposable income2) Growing middle class/urban population – increase in Demand3) Low cost of production – better penetrationS:1) Per capita consumption expected to increase – fashion2) Increasing gifts culture – increase in demand3) Lower cholesterol than â€Å"mithais† (sweet meat) – Substitute demandT: Will have to reinforce technology to international levels once India is a â€Å"free† economy .

Reaction Paper: Film About Life The Forest Has Essay

The film that we watched showed what kind of life the forest has and how large diversity of life inhabits in it. The trees are not only the living things that exist in it but many kinds of animals and insects as well. Life in the forest is so rich and there are many biotic forces that strive hard just to survive. Trees for example, need light for making food and getting energy but since they are too many in numbers, only the oldest and the strongest get to grow. Even so, since life is a cycle, a death of a powerful tree sheds birth to small plants and a new cycle or generation comes about. Animals have their way of surviving too. They usually go or live in large numbers so as to get a strategic territory. Chimpanzees for example live in colony and protect their habitat from other chimpanzees and other animals as well. They love fig trees too. Since many other animals like birds and squirrels like fig trees, the chimpanzees ward off their territories by creating noisy screams or sounds to frighten their enemies. Survival is the most important thing in the forest. One has to be strong to be alive and to keep their species reproducing. One also has to be wise and strong but it is not insurance to life. Many species became extinct and many reproduce a lot. I really like the film because it showed how diverse the biotic forces in the forest. It gave the viewers the glimpse of life in the forest and the never before seen happenings in it that lay people do not know or have no knowledge about. I learned how important our forest and the ecosystem in our life and how we should take good care of it. We should ensure it is healthy because if it dies, all the living organisms living in it will die. And surely, not long afterwards, the human race will die with it. Therefore, we should start conserving our forest. We should not wait until it is fully destroyed beyond repair because all the living forces will suffer the consequence, including us.

The major causes and consequences of ruralurban migration in the Essay

The major causes and consequences of ruralurban migration in the developing countries - Essay Example The migration culture in India was initially confined to the lean season for agriculture at many parts of the region till the end of summer. People used to flee to nearby towns and cities for working as daily wage workers at construction sites and other jobs to meet their expenses. They used to return to native villages when the rains arrives and used to spend their time in cultivation. The consistent unstable rains, the famines, the drought have unsettled the farmers resulting in migration to the urban areas. The growing IT and ITES boom with strong real estate drive created opportunities with sufficient work year round with satisfactory income made the rural folks to stay away from their lands. The ever growing cities expanses have swallowed nearby villages which made some wealthier and left with some no land to cultivate who ultimately migrated to cities in search of survival. The low literacy rates in the rural population: The rural population is mostly illiterate due to lack of awareness to educate themselves and concentrating more the physical work they need to perceive in the fields to cultivate. The villages are remotely located at times isolating them from the rest of the world and he developments. The villages had primary schools and at times high schools in major villages. The facilities provided at the schools as not encouraging. Child labour being cheaper than the elder wages and the poverty of the families force every one to work The families send their children for daily labour like every other family member to earn the daily expense when they migrate to towns and cities which does allows the children to perceive their education. The low and specific skill oriented farmers: The farmers in most of the developed countries cultivate with the primitive methods. The cultivation methods were not effective to yield good returns. The crops need more water, and in turn for more water they need electricity to pump ground water. The electricity is more scarce and expensive for already lean farmers. The farmers have only specific skills like cultivation, cattle raring which were said to be unskilled jobs and does not yield at timely regular intervals. The works at urban and metros yield good daily income and the amount of earning will depend on the way he learns the particular job as he gains expertise. The facilities demand-supply gap in urban areas: The huge migrations were not to the two or three tier cities but to the metro which are already crowded. The ever growing demand for basic amenities does not provide a chance for a brief and refined plan but forces for a temporary makeshift which in turn leads to a non uniform town or city planning. The below par basic amenities like water, electricity and housing: The urban authorities are pressurized by the ever growing demand that might hinder the authorities to provide the requisite facilities. Reference: Impact of the rural urban migration on the sustainability of the cities, 7 May, 2004, available at http://www.wscsd.org/ejournal/article.php3id_article=109 Making India world skill capital, Education must cater to the need of the industry, 30October,2004, available at

Cultural Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural Experience - Essay Example It surely was a very different experience for me. I usually don’t get to see males having sexual feelings for each other and that too in full public view. However the gay club didn’t have any restrictions whatsoever and men were allowed to touch each others’ private parts, commit into sexual arousal activities, make-out and so on. The experience taught me that like lesbians have their own rights, gays have theirs too. And they experienced it solely within the domains of the gay clubs that have opened within the different city centers. As far as cultural dynamics are concerned, I learned that those actions and behaviors on the part of the gays were not accepted far and wide. Their actions rested solely within the realms of the gay club. When they stepped out of it, they were ordinary men who would keep a distance from other men. Thus the cultural taboo-ness of the whole saga made it even more appealing. It was a double standards situation happening right in front of me, one set of rules inside the gay club and another one, outside it. The otherness of the event made it very interesting in entirety. The otherness stemmed from the fact that I had never seen such a thing taking place in my entire life. The otherness also came about when I didn’t get to see any women in the gay club, which once again was understandable and a sheer lack of knowledge on my part. But what was really bizarre was the fact that these gays enjoyed the company of one another in explicit ways and made sure all around them knew what they were doing. As a culturally responsive helper, I gained quite a few insights. I learned that it is a taboo within any society to have gay and lesbian relationships but these run deep within any country of the world. There are separate places fixed for such activities where no limitations are bound on the gays. I also learned that everything has its limits and such activities might be considered

Topic and Research Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Topic and Research Questions - Essay Example her has to study things in their natural settings, attempt to look further into them and make sense of them, and interpret them in terms of the meanings people bring to them (Yin 7). In this question the research will aim to find out what the health care providers think about the use of the electronic record keeping in medical practice. It attempts to find out the feelings that they have on whether electronic record keeping has led to improvements in their service delivery, if it has affected their delivery of care to their patients and generally what they think of electronic record keeping in relation to other methods of record keeping available for use by them. This is a quantitative research question. Quantitative research tends to focus on measurement and proof of phenomena. This type of research adopts a scientific approach to research that goes through a specific process. The scientific process is based on the premise that a phenomenon is only meaningful or of value if it can be observed and counted. Qualitative research is characterized by numerical data which allows for a variety of statistical analysis (Gravetter and Forzano). Many researches have employed this method because of the fact that it is objective and easier to interpret figures than interpreting feelings and emotions or perceptions of people or phenomena. This type of research basically employs questionnaires and surveys in data collection before analysis. Usually a large portion of the population is surveyed so that the results portray a representative sample of the whole population (Gravetter and Forzano 157-158). This question therefore aims to conduct a survey on the US hospitals by counting how many hospitals have adopted and are using the electronic record keeping. Actually a variety of hospitals may be surveyed in this research to identify how many of them use the electronic health records. The rate of adoption can be arrived at by finding out the number of hospitals that are using

The Importance of Teamwork in a Close Protection Environment Essay

The Importance of Teamwork in a Close Protection Environment - Essay Example As the discussion declares teamwork projects feature clearly determined and individually evaluated responsibilities for each member of a team as well as a specific and valuable result. Team members are appreciated at the quality of the product and their contributions to the team joint operation as well as the quality of the completion of their personally assigned tasks. Groups are specifically good at combining together talents and providing novel solutions to possible unusual problems; in cases where there is no established approach or procedure, the extended knowledge and skills set of the group possess a distinct advantage over those of the individual. The group constitutes an environment where the individual's self-apprehended level of authority and responsibility is expanded, in an environment where responsibility is shared: consequently providing a perfect motivation through improved self-esteem and low stress. This paper stresses that everybody is polite and dull and considers how he can get into the plan. Conflicts are seldom directly voiced; they are predominantly personal and certainly destructive. Since the group is new, the individuals will be locked in their own opinions and commonly reserved. This is particularly true in terms of the more subordinate and/or nervous members of the group who may never recover. The group tends to submit largely to those who appear as leaders. This stage features formation of an atmosphere of acceptance and safety, avoiding debate, and is filled with guidance from the manager or project team leader.

Censorship in Television and Movies Research Paper

Censorship in Television and Movies - Research Paper Example Hollywood has been influenced by the censorship requirements since as early as 1930s. The Hays Code may be termed as one of the earliest attempts made by the president of Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) to bring a level of security, harmony and just expressionism within the field. Hays highlighted the issues which were or could impact the society negatively. Hays contributions were to hold back the nudity, sexuality, profanity, violence and the like factors which were eminent in the then media. The reputable position of Hays code pressurized the studios on accepting the codes and following them in order to stay in business. The studios also followed the code in order to avoid any boycotts against their studios which may have severe financial implications. To avoid any uncalled circumstances studios chose to follow the code requirements. During 1966 the social changes increased the censorship requirements at local and public level. The public responses led to the elimination of scenes which they found ethically, morally or socially harmful, boycotts against such movies or media content and refusal to show certain scenes. However, the censorship policies are somehow limiting the freedom of speech, expression and the freedom to take informed position due to lack of knowledge of the whole issue. Censorship limits the media content to show one side of the picture which is normally termed as the brighter side. Non-exposure to the social evils like sexuality issues, nudity and governmental and other corruption limits the thoughts and knowledge of the public regarding their own society which they have the power and ability to change (Bernstein 1999). One of the basic aims of censorship is to avoid the delicate matters like sexuality and sexual issues. People argue that sexuality and the related issues as exposed on the television and movies are having negative impact on our society. People are getting more and more conversant with sexuality and at an early age are sexually active due to media portrayal including the exposure in the movies and the television. However, it should be noted that knowing about an evil does not assure evil acts of the people. Knowing things help people in keeping themselves from such things and also educate them to combat situations where they may be harmed by them. Sexual education in the modern society is a crucial issue. People, and specially the younger generation, often risk their physical, social and mental wellbeing due to unawareness about unsafe sex and its consequences. The disease and the outcomes of sexual relationships which surround the lives of the individuals throughout their life span can be portrayed through movies and television content to increase awareness among the youth about the horrors of such acts. In response to the claims made in favor of censorship to avoid sexuality and related issues, it can be argued that media is used to educate people and increase their unde rstanding which helps in reducing issues like HIV, abortions, maternal deaths, illegal children, single parent children and so on (Semonche 2007). Censorship clearly breaches the freedom of press, speech and expressionism. Placing limitations on the film makers and television programs directly influence their exposure of the reality which would have been otherwise exposed. Media plays a vital role in directing the thoughts and viewpoints of the public towards a certain goal.

Human Resources Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Resources Report - Essay Example Moreover, concentrating on evaluation of a training process it can be stated that it is referred as collection of data in a systematic manner, which helps the trainers to conclude the effectiveness of training program. The main objective of the trainers is to evaluate whether the training contributes towards reaching the overall organizational goal, implementing policies and enhancing the organizational learning (Mavin, Lee, and Robson, 2010). The various methods of evaluating the effectiveness of learning, training and development and the limitations of the methods are also depicted in the report. In an organization, managers have different perspective of the management of people. The two approaches towards management are the unitarist and the pluralist approach. Therefore, the two methods are employed for understanding the different perspectives of management. The effect of the approaches on the physiological contract is also studied in the report. Physiological contract is defined as the unwritten expectation of the employer from the employees. Recruitment is the process of attracting quality candidates to apply for the vacant positions, whereas, selection is the way of determining who is best suited for the job among those who have applied for the available positions. Thus recruitment and selection is the process of searching and hiring the most suitable person for the job (Doornenbal, Stitselaar and Jansen, 2012). The process of recruitment includes giving advertisement for the vacant positions, attending career fairs, connecting directly with people and many other ways. Selection process involves conducting written test to evaluate the aptitude of the candidates; taking their interviews and seeking information about them by contacting the references (Doornenbal, Stitselaar, and Jansen, 2012) At first, a job analysis is conducted in order to determine the

Gas Turbine Engine Basics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Gas Turbine Engine Basics - Coursework Example According to relevant sources, a turboprop engine is a turbine that drives a propeller via a reduction gear as shown in the above diagram (NASA 4). As such, the exhaust gases drive the power shaft, which in turn drives the reduction gear assembly through a shaft as shown (Husain 98; Sickle 205). The reduction gearing is essential because optimum propeller performances in these engine designs are reached at slower speeds than the engines’ operating revolution per minute. At slow airspeeds, these engine designs are fuel efficient and operate effectively (FOPPGS 1). Turbofan engines were developed to incorporate some of the best features that exist in the already mentioned engines (FOPPGS 1). For example, these engines have been designed to generate additional thrust by directing a secondary airflow around the combustion chamber (NASA 4). Additionally, the bypass helps in cooling the engine, as well as helps in reducing exhaust noises. â€Å"In a turbofan engine, therefore, the bypass ratio refers to the ratio of the mass airflow passing through the fan divided by the mass airflow passing through the engine core† (FOPPGS 2). However, part of the inlet airflow is not directed toward the compressor, combustor, and turbine, but is rather bypassed through a duct, which ends in a nozzle. Since air leaves the nozzle at a speed that is higher than the intake velocity, thrust is produced by momentum exchange with the airframe. During the intake phase, the pressure, temperature and volume of the gases remain constant. The compressor is an arrangement of blades on a rotating disk, whose main function is to force air to flow into the engine as it reduces its volume and increases its pressure. Torque is required to change the momentum of the working fluid, forcing it to follow the curved surface of the blades. The work required to drive the compressor comes from the engine itself, by means of a shaft connecting the compressor and the turbine.

Math in Aviation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math in Aviation - Essay Example Drag is the normal friction caused by the plane moving through air molecules. Drag is also a reaction to lift and this lift must be generated by the wings of the airplane in flight. Newton's First Law of Motion: An object at rest will remain at rest or an object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, until an outside force acts on it. For an aircraft to taxi or fly, a force must be applied to it. It would remain at rest without an outside force. Once the aircraft is moving, another force must act on it to bring it to a stop. It would continue in motion without an outside force. This willingness of an object to remain at rest or to continue in motion is referred to as inertia. Newton's Second Law of Motion: If a object moving with uniform speed is acted upon by an external force, acceleration will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved. The motion will take place in the direction in which the force acts. Simply stated, this means that an object being pushed by 100 pounds of force will travel faster than it would if it were pushed by 50 pounds of force. A heavier object will accelerate more slowly than a lighter object when an equal force is applied. Newton's Third L Newton's Third Law of Motion: For every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force). This law can be demonstrated with a balloon. If you inflate a balloon with air and release it without securing the neck, as the air is expelled the balloon moves in the opposite direction of the air rushing out of it. Bernoulli's Principle: When a fluid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction or narrowing of the tube, the speed of the fluid passing through the constriction is increased and its pressure is decreased. Lift: The lift force of a wing is derived from the independent action of its upper and lower surface. Aerodynamics is the study of the forces that let an aircraft fly. Motion is changing place or position. Air has no force or power other than pressure when it's motionless. When air is moving, its force becomes apparent. A moving object in motionless air has a force exerted on it as a result of its own motion. It makes no difference in the effect whether an object is moving in relation to the air or the air is moving in relation to the object. Newton's first and third Laws of Motion explain why deflecting the air downwards must result in a corresponding upward force. The air moving over the upper surface of the airplane is forced too travel farther, therefore velocity is increased. The increase in velocity caused a decrease in pressure. This causes lift in the upper surfaces. The air that passes beneath the airfoil has less distance to travel, this results in increase in air pressure on the lower surfaces and in decrease in air pressure on the upper surfaces. The total lift produced by the airfoil is equal to the difference downwards. The wing is said to have a relative angle of attack. The lift drops off at high angles of attack because the air instead of flowing smoothly over the upper surface breaks away from it and forms eddying currents. Gravity: Gravity is natural force acting upon the airplane. Gravity is the force that plays an

Collectivism vs. Individualism Essay Example for Free

Collectivism vs. Individualism Essay The research to examine the cultural norms of Korea as compared to that of US, is based on two particular core dimensions: United States as an individualistic country, and Korea as a collectivistic country. In fact, this is the first thing that comes to mind, knowing that collectivism vs individualism is a major characteristic that differentiates these two countries. Lifestyle and living arrangements In a study by Lee and Ro Um (1992), it is discussed about the major difference between Koreans and Americans in their evaluations of product attributes was the different weights each put on the importance of the family. Koreans tended to be more family oriented in their product evaluations than the Americans. This meant that the products were selected. Korea has a family-oriented culture. For a young couple, living with elders (parents) has been a cultural norm in Korea, although in United States this living style is unusual normatively and behaviorally. According to Korean National Statistics office, 1993, almost three out of four Koreans people aged 60 and over live with their children, a percentage of 74.7%. The percentage that lives with a spouse only is 13.2% and living alone, 10.6%. Explore the gaming culture of Korea Why South Korean people play games In South Korea more than half of the 50 million populations play online games frequently. Gaming in this country is not just a hobby but a way of life. Currently in the country are 10 professional gaming leagues which are sponsored from the successful corporations such as SK Telecom and Samsung.   According to a news article published CNN , in South Korea almost half of all games have been sold since the game launched in 1998. StarCraft is a legitimate business, ranking in hundreds of thousands of dollars in earning. According to a news article published in BBC [4], in South Korea games are nationally televised and they fill-up stadiums. Extremely popular is the multi-player gaming. Being a professional video-gamer is a serious business. They attract huge sums in sponsorship and can make more than $100,000 a year. Professional players in South Korea are treated like  sports stars. Some of the most famous players from league matches and sponsorship could earn more than $400,000 per year. South Korea hosts the annual World Cyber Games. The country registered more than 15 million people for online gaming, which is 30% of the population. Gaming Addiction and the Government Intervention in South Korea As a consequence as a strong video game culture, South Korea since early 2000s reports of addicted gamers dying or murdering loved ones in order to satisfy their addiction. When a mother tried to stop her son from playing games, he killed her. Approximately 14% of Koreans between ages 9 and 12 suffer from Internet addiction because there are cable channels devoted solely to the games.[5] South Korea has been treating the disorder for years. In 2002 the government opened an Internet-addiction treatment center. In 2005, a 28 years old South Korean man went into cardiac arrest and died after reportedly playing an online game called StarCraft for 50 hours straight. The man did not sleep properly and did not eat well. He just made few bathroom breaks and for very short periods of sleep. In 2006 the government opened a hotline for gaming addicts. Moreover, hundreds of private hospitals and clinics in the country opened specializes units to treat the disorder. In 2010 the government ordered a â€Å"nighttime shutdown† for gamers. This happened after police discovered a 3-month old baby who starved to death while her parents were busy with their virtual baby on a game. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ordered the three most popular operators of the games to block people under age 18 from playing games between midnight and 8 a.m. The government has significantly slowed down the Internet connections of young players if they play for lots of hours into the night. More over in the National Assembly several other bills were pending that would control kids gaming habits. Where South Korean people play games South Korean entertainment industry is note based on home entertainment system such us console video game system, home theater etc. Instead it is created outside of the home in various places called â€Å"Bangs†. Recently South Korean people play games in the country’s Internet cafes, known as â€Å"PC- Bangs†. The PC Bangs are especially dominant in big cities like Seol, where  is a density of population. It is important that the PC-Bang industry now can provide computers and Internet service to those that previously did not have the economic conditions to possess these technologies. Analysts consider that the social environment of the PC-Bang is the most important factor to make the PC Bang attractive and popular to users. Other factors are: the high-performance computers, high-speed internet connection and low fee usage. [6] Most bangs are cheap; the patrons pay an hourly fee, ranging from $1.00 to $1.50 USD an hour. In South Korea going to a bang is the sam e as going to the bar in USA. Economic Conditions According to an article in About.com , the industry of video game has a large share of South Korea’s GDP. â€Å"According to the Ministry of Culture, in 2008 the online-gaming industry earned $1.1 billion dollars in exports. Nexon and NCSOFT, South Korea’s two largest game development companies reported a combined net income of over $370 million in 2012. The entire game market is estimated at approximately $5 billion dollars annually, or about $100 per resident, which is more than three times what Americans spend. Games like StarCraft have sold over 4.5 million copies in South Korea, out of a worldwide total of 11 million.† The same article says that video games stimulate the black economy of the country. What they play Relatively a small number of games are played in South Korea, the most popular of them are: League of Legends, FIFA Online 3, Sudden Attack, Lineage, Dungeon Fighter, Blade Soul, Aion: The Tower of Eternity, Echo Soul, Cyphers, World of Warcraft, StarCraft, Warcraft 3. [9] StarCraft- The most popular game in South Korea of all the times is StarCraft. Star Craft is a military strategy game, which is developed by Blizzard Entertainment. [10] World of Warcraft (WOW) Another popular game at most of the time is the World of Warcraft, developed by Blizzard Entertainment. World of Warcraft is a massively multi-player online role-playing game or MMORPG.

Contribution Of Women To Embroidery Work Cultural Studies Essay

Contribution Of Women To Embroidery Work Cultural Studies Essay The present study is about the contribution of women in handicrafts. The current theme of research regarding handicrafts is to find out the type of embroidery work that women do in their houses and also the problems and benefits they get from their embroidery work. While there is a lot of researches are presented on this topic but there is a lack of attention on those home base women workers and their contribution in handicrafts (embroidery). This study would add a knowledge and information to the existing one. Moreover in Pakistan this work is impossible without womens contribution. So, it would also help us to understand the women problems regarding their works. Handicrafts are items made by hand, often with the use of tools, and are generally artistic and traditional in nature. They include objects of utility and objects of decoration. (Geographical Indications of Goods Act, 1999).Handicrafts are the things that are produce completely by hand or with the help of tool. They also kn own as craft work in which useful and decorative things are used to complete it. Generally the term is used to traditional way of making things. Handicrafts are unique ideas that represent a culture and tradition of a country and it is most important in terms of economic development. Handicrafts are the mirror of culture, tradition and the beauty of this work is depending upon the artistic sense of the workers and also on the quality of material and art. Pakistan has a rich history of handicrafts. The great workers of Pakistan have great skills to show their care in craftsmanship and beauty, dignity, form and style are main components of Pakistani culture. (Shaukat, 2006) Handicrafts are the mixture of significance and artistic feeling of its people who assess the level of culture and expressions of national identity. People serve them with cotton, thread, silk, wool, metals, wood and stone and use their talent to shape these things in beautiful designs so in this way, actually they play very important function for the society. (Quddus, 1992) Handicrafts are also most important symbol in terms of economic development. Economically home based work has helped men and women both for the long time period. Now a days this market get progress and became internationalized but men get more benefits from it then women and move to the many profitable areas and the adaptation of these workers into unorganized sector have made women more insecure and lead them to the exploitation of their skills. (Gyanendra Dastidar, 2000) The fact is that more wealthy countries have less informal economy but developing countries more expansive one. Denmark has 18 percent, Nigeria and Thailand 80 per cent informal economy as compared to their respective formal economies, there is nothing insulting to confess the fact that Pakistan has an informal economy of about 70 per cent. (Bhatti, 2002) The craftsmen and craftswomen of Pakistan both struggle hard to survive; they express their environs and objects in their beautiful production or art for their profit. There are so many crafts that give the Pakistan a place of compliment in the international crafts. (Sarfaraz, 1987) The credit goes to the craftsperson that makes the very important link between the various traditions through his art or work within the country. Each region has rich in its crafts and the crafts persons of that region put their full effort or feelings in their work. Every region has specialized in its handicrafts and there is variety of its traditional handicrafts. Like the important handicrafts of Baluchistan region are Baluchi embroidery, leather work, carpets and rugs, jewellery, pottery and basketry. NWFP has a rich tradition in textiles including embroidery and block-printing, basketry, leather, wood and metal work. Sindh has a wide variety in textiles in which sindi embroidery, silk, ajrak, block-p rinting and tie-and-die is very famous work, bangles, lacquer work, jewellery and pottery. Punjab is a land of five rivers and very famous for its local cotton textiles, embroidery, gotta work, basketry, tile and wood work, the silks, ivory, silver work and naqshi art. (Hussain, 1984) Handicrafts involve the different types of creation including clothing, religious symbols and jewelry, and different types of paper crafts. (Malcolm Tatum, 2003) There are hundreds if not thousands of different varieties of handicrafts. Carpets Textile The carpet-making tradition of Pakistan is old for the thousands of years. 4000-5000 year ago Weaving was a developed as an art in the Mohenjo-Daro in Sind. In the 16th Century, The handmade carpets produced in Lahore. Islamic designs are part of the culture that depicts in Knotted woolen carpets and very famous in both South Asia and the Middle East. Fine carpets are produced in Pakistan especially in Karachi and Lahore. (Shaukat, 2006) In textiles, Sindhis bedspreads and shawls are popular and its mirror work and ajrak are also famous, Doz in Baluchistan, Phulkari work of Hazara and Sawat, kashmirs kashidakari and cotton Lungies and gotta work of Punjab are magnificent work. (Sarfaraz, 1987) Appliquà ©, Crocheting, Embroidery, Knitting, Lace-making, Macramà ©, Quilting, Weaving are also included in textile handicrafts. (Ruskin Morris) Brass, Onyx Wood Crafts The Handicrafts obviously through Brass, onyx and wood are our traditional handicrafts and are able to be proud. Our hard-working craftsmen put their effort to the carving on metal and wood item and make them very beautiful. Craftsman made these items in small villages and it can easily be purchased in big cities. Metal lanterns, mirror frames, decoration pieces and many other things are included in such crafts. (Shaukat, 2006) Pottery The pottery is very common almost in every village. Bahawalpur, Rawalpindi, Gujrat and its surrounded places are famous for colorful pottery. Multans blue glazed pottery is also very familiar since the 13th century. Copper and brass work is mostly done in Lahore. Ceramics and glazed pottery are the oldest art in Pakistan. Blue design techniques are very famous in Pakistan. Pakistani potters are well-known for making the intricate tiles that are used to beautify mosques and public buildings. (Shaukat, 2006) Woodcrafts Wood-carving, Wood-turning, Cabinet making, Furniture making, lacquer ware include in woodcrafts. The furniture of Pakistan is well-known in the whole world for its attractive designs and the artistic sense of the worker. Pakistan has a good wood, Shesham is one of them solid wood and only find in Pakistan. The furniture of this wood is very prominent in the whole world for its finishing. (Shaukat, 2006) Jewelry Leather goods Carved swords, boxes, dishes and tea sets are metal work that is made from silver and gold and precious stones and pearls jewellery are very important crafts. Necklaces, bracelets, rings, hair and forehead decorations and nose ornaments are the main items of jewellery. Leatherwork and basketry are also important crafts. The baskets of Sindh are colorful and complicated, while weavers in the Northwest Frontier prefer geometric patterns. (Shaukat, 2006) Embroidery Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating cloth or other materials with needle and thread or wool. Workers also enhance its beauty with uses of other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Embroidery is an ancient textile art which uses strands of embroidery floss or wool to create a picture in thread on canvas, linen or other cloth. It forms a part of needlework. Embroidery has recognized as a creative expression of people and it is storage of our oral traditions which have been maintained by the women. (Dhamija, 2004) Embroidered textiles are often used to decorate living spaces, temporary or permanent, impressive or modest depend upon choice and the sense of owner. Historically, embroidered textiles shows the wealthy and influence touch of rulers, courtiers, and courtesans. Among South Asias many people are identified by this textiles frequently, personal status or religious affiliation. (Gluckman, 2007) The folk embroidery tradition deeply exists in the Punjab. Village women still practice the craft, also stitching bed and cushion covers and a variety of other cloths, but the art probably reached its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (Beste, 2009) In Pakistan embroidery goes back since time immemorial. Bronze needles were excavated out at Mohenjo-Daro. (Sarfaraz, 1987) However, embroidery is a full activity of female and they individually do this work at their homes and it is not as organized work as any other works. (Hussain, 1984) Embroidery is a work that offered women to freely express their feelings by hand and it is also convenient for them to do this in the home. Women embroidered depict all kinds of traditions, nature and their family life also. Women are more dominated in textile work especially in embroidery. (Hashmi, 1987) Embroidery uses various stitches and combinations of stitches. Each embroidery stitch has a special name to help identify it. There are many different styles of embroidery, often with regional variations. Baluchi Embroidery Baluchi mirror work is very famous and also called sheeshagi. In this embroidery small pieces of round mirrors are coated on cloth with button-hole stitch. (Magsi, 1987) Traditionally Baluchi women do it in their homes. Baluchi pushk is very familier and make in traditional seven colours; black, maroon, purple, dark blues, greens, orange and white. (Hussain, 1984) Sindhi Embroidery Sindhi embroidery is covered with flowers and petals with colourful threads by the artistic hands of women. In this embroidery, women used beads, sea shells, precious stones and other pieces of peacock features to enhance its beauty. It is also interesting that women learnt all sindhi embroidery from their mothers and neighbors. The outstanding embroidery of sindh is patch work done on sari, kurta, kanjro, polki , pti, dhanak, pehran and shalwar. (Shah, 1987) Phulkari Phulkari embroidery is an embossed work done on handspun and hand-woven cotton clothes. It is embroidered with untwisted silk thread and mostly geometrical and floral designs are made in it. (Ram, 1987) The centre of this work is Hazara in Pakistan and Punjab is also famous of this work. (Quddus, 1992) Kashmiri Embroidery Kashmiri embroidery is a type of appliquà © work, using waste woolen fabrics and kashida wrought on various kinds of clothing and the cloth used is either silk or wool. (Dhamija, 2004) It is extremely a delicate and refined work and look likes almost drawings and geometrical patterns. The main varieties of Kashmiri embroidery is namda and gabba. (Quddus, 1992) Chikan embroidery Chikan embroidery is a fine needle-craft done by hand mostly using white thread on a variety of fabrics from cotton and silk to synthetics. It is the most famous fine art of embroidery at word level, and is famous not only in India, but also abroad. (Sarna Shukla, 1994)White work White work is embroidered in white thread, on pure white fabric; it is not at all difficult, and not very expensive. The tools for white work embroidery are minimal. The fabric that is used in this work is depending on the person that is according to demand, it may be white muslin, weave or linen. Appliquà © work Appliquà © work is every kind of embroidery which, being worked solidly on one material is then cut out and lay down upon another, and secured by various ornamental stitches. (Dhamija, 2004) In this type of embroidery, different pieces of clothes are cut out in the number of shapes and then pasted them in the basic fabric by using different stitches. (Ram, 1987) Zari embroideries From the second half of 18th century until the early 20th century, two different types of gold embroidery found ready patrons; these were: zardozi work, heavy silver-gilt thread work upon a foundation padded with cotton thread or paper, on velvet or sation ground; and Kalabattu work: light delicate embroidery, in gilt-silver or silver threads, strips of gilt-silver, gilt-silver sequins, upon fine silk cotton or muslin. Punjab is very famous for its zari work. (Dhamija, 2004) Embroidery work is a time-consuming work but in Pakistan traditionally women do it in their homes and pass this art to their daughters too. (Hussain, 1984)

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis Farzan Babaei S5030791 Article name: Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000: Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold Article Source: PhD thesis, School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales Article Author and Year: Jason Hugh Prior (2004) Citation: Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000: Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia. Introduction and Research Questions Jason Prior is an established researcher particularly in the field of spatial governance and its relation to sexuality, religion, and health and wellbeing. In his PhD thesis titled Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000: Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold (year), he attempts to shed light on Sydneys gay saunas through two key questions. The first relates to how the gay sauna transitioned from a clandestine operation to a legally recognized and accepted institution considered important within particular environs of the city. The second concerns how the dynamic public domain of the gay sauna contributed to the development of gay culture in the city by fostering the opportunity of collective and individual homosexual expression. Part 1 of Study Methodology and Results In the first part of the study, utilizing his background in urban sociology, planning, and legal geography, Prior draws heavily upon the works of Knopp (1995,1998) and Castells (1983) as a conceptual framework. He uses empirical examination and analysis of documents (including development applications, archival documents, legal records, civic authority records, government gazettes, law reports, records of police raids, government acts, newspaper and magazine articles, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews) as a research methodology, to understand the process of acceptance of gay saunas in Sydneys civic society. Using these data, he traces the history of these establishments from 1967 to 2000. The first gay saunas existed through subterfuge and public charades by disguising themselves from the largely homophobic society as gyms and fitness centres. Through the years that followed, change in legislation which led to the decriminalisation of homosexuality set the stage for the emergence o f the gay sauna into public view and their partial acceptance by civic authorities. Although the emergence of AIDS added a layer of complexity to the process, it led to new alliances between the gay community, medicine and the state government. These alliances played a major role in the eventual acceptance of the gay sauna by civic authorities, judiciary, and citizens as not just social but also sexual institutions. Prior argues that this transformation was possible through the conjunction of greater understanding and acceptance of homosexuality by the general community, the mobilisation of gay activists and the broader radicalism of the 1960s and 70s, and the emergence of enlightened processes by council bureaucracies and the judiciary. Part 2 of Study Methodology and Results Priors background in architecture comes into use in the second part of the study where he examines through an empirical analysis (analysis of the material features of the built form, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews), how the evolving social spaces of Sydneys gay saunas allowed men to develop and experience individual and collective sexual identities and practices. In describing the dynamic nature of these spaces Prior identifies three stages of evolution. The first and most basic/rudimentary stage started with the establishment of the the Bondi Junction Steam Bath, Sydneys first gay sauna. Here the aim was to providing a safe space where men could temporarily escape from the city outside, with a focus on the threshold to protect patrons from the largely homophobic world outside. The second involved the shift of focus from the threshold to the development of the domain, into the creation of a space that was more socially, sexually, and psychology enabling for the expression of hom osexuality. This golden age of the saunas aligned with the gay liberation movement. The last stage focuses on the redesign of the domain into a safe sex venue to cope with the new experience of sexuality that AIDS awareness evoked. These stages involved changes to the physical realm of the saunas, which in turn affected the type of sexual activity that took place. Critical Review/ Contextualization within other works Priors well-structured and comprehensive study fills a gap in the existing literature by adding to the largely unexplored realm of gay bathhouses in the Australian context. In describing the history of these establishments, he continually draws parallels between the United States and Australia which provides readers with a broader perspective, and highlights the uniqueness of this particular context. The first part of the study which deals with the sexualisation of urban space is contextualized within the body of works of Foucault (1990), Castells, and Knopp, while the second part of the study which concerns how designed sexual environments affect sexual practises fits within the works of Brodsky (1993), Rubin (1991), and Tattelman (1999). Priors work also contributes to the broader topic of studies specifically on gay saunas. The latter includes ethnographies particularly in the american context (Weinberg Williams, 1975; Styles, 1979; Chauncey, 1994), the study of saunas from a more architectural perspective where alternate design possibilities and concepts of queer space are explored (Tattelman, 2000; Betsky, 1997), and more recently, studies on AIDS prevention research (Bolton, Vincke, Mak, 1994; Binson Woods, 2003; Lyons, Smith, Grierson, Doussa, 2010). Link to my Research The inter-relation between sexual culture, the built-form, and the social/sexual relations that forms the core of Priors work, is a theme that I want to carry forward and build onto in my research. Specifically, I am interested in looking at how social and sexual relations have changed in the bathhouse due to technologies in the 21st century such as PrEP, internet, and dating apps and how this in turn has affected the physical and social environs of the baths. The main aim of the authors research was to examine the social and political forces which contributed to the acceptance of gay saunas by Sydneys civic society. To answer this research question, he provides an in-depth description of the material (and immaterial) aspects of gay saunas in Sydney from the first gay sauna in 1967 to the year 2000, outlining distinct stages of evolution in the form/use of these structure. This data will form an important benchmark for my research which will explore the possible formation of a new architectural typology in the 21st century. The fact that this study, along with the work of Richters (2007), is one of the few literary works offering a detailed description of Sydneys baths, including floor plans and advertisements in the gay press, makes it the single most important source for my research. References Betsky, A. (1997). Queer Space: Architecture and Same-Sex Desire (1st edition). New York: William Morrow. Binson, D., Woods, W. J. (2003). A Theoretical Approach to Bathhouse Environments. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(3-4), 23-31. Bolton, R., Vincke, J., Mak, R. (1994). Gay Baths Revisited: An Empirical Analysis. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 1(3), 255-273. Brodsky, J. I. (1993). The Mineshaft: A Retrospective Ethnography. Journal of Homosexuality, 24(3-4), 233-252. Castells, M. (1983). The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. London: Edward Arnold. Chauncey, G. (1995). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (unknown edition). New York: Basic Books. Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction. (R. Hurley, Trans.) (Reissue edition). New York: Vintage. Knopp, L. (1995). Sexuality and Urban Space: A Framework for Analysis. In David Bell and Gill Valentine (Eds.), Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexualities (pp. 149-161). London and New York: Routledge. Knopp, L. (1998). Sexuality and Urban Space: Gay Male Identity Politics in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In Ruth Fincher and Jane M. Jacobs (Eds.), Cities of Difference (pp. 149-176). New York: The Guilford Press. Lyons, A., Smith, A. M. A., Grierson, J. W., Doussa, H. von. (2010). Australian mens sexual practices in saunas, sex clubs and other male sex on premises venues. Sexual Health, 7(2), 186-192. Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000: Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales. Richters, J. (2001). The Social Construction of Sexual Practice: Setting Sexual Culture and the Body in Casual Sex Between Men. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Rubin, G. (1991). The Catacombs: A Temple of the Butthole. In Mark Thomson (Ed.), Leatherfolk: Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice (pp. 119-141). Boston: Alyson Publications. Styles, J. (1979). Outsider/Insider: Researching Gay Baths. Urban Life, 8(2), 135-152. Tattelman, I. (1999). Speaking to the Gay Bathhouse: Communicating in Sexually Charged Spaces. In W. L. Leap (Ed.), Public Sex/ Gay Space (pp. 71-94). New York: Columbia University Press. Tattelman, I. (2000). Presenting a Queer (Bath) House. In J. A. Boone, M. Dupuis, M. Meeker, K. Quimby, C. Sarver, D. Silverman, R. Weatherston, Queer Frontiers: Millennial Geographies, Genders, and Generations (pp. 222-258). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J. (1975). Gay Baths and the Social Organization of Impersonal Sex. Social Problems, 23(2), 124-136.

Starving For Perfection Essay -- essays research papers fc

Starving for Acceptance In today’s society, where physical characteristics are used to measure beauty and success, people are willing to push their bodies to extremes to achieve physical perfection. As an overweight woman, I may be considered a failure of society’s beauty test. However, my high self-esteem and acceptance of my body allows me to not be disturbed by what, to some, may seem as a sign of failure. Unfortunately, there are people whose desire to be accepted by society causes them to develop eating disorders. The two most common are called anorexia and bulimia (WebMD.Com Eating 1). The Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, association (ANRED), states â€Å"Anorexia and bulimia affect primarily people in their teens and twenties, but clinicians report both disorders in children as young as six and individuals as old as seventy-six† (ANRED Statistics 1). Anorexia and bulimia are both serious eating disorders with differences and similarities in their symptoms, diagnosis , causes, treatments and prognosis. Although anorexia and bulimia share many of the same symptoms, they also have many differences. â€Å"About half of people with anorexia also have symptoms of bulimia† (MayoClinic.Com 2). According to the American Anorexia Bulimia Association (AABA), some symptoms of anorexia are: excessive exercising, depression, weakness, exhaustion, constipation, and loss of menstrual period in women (AABA Anorexia 1). They also state that bulimics suffer from those symptoms as well. (AABA Bulimia 1). Although there are similarities, each disorder has its own unique characteristics. A major symptom of bulimia is binging and purging. Bulimics practice binging, eating large amounts of food at one time, and purging, causing themselves to vomit, or defecate, in an attempt to prevent weight gain (Reyes 1). Anorexics, however, restrict their diets and starve themselves in attempt to stay thin and if possible, lose more weight (â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† 1) Like any other illness, eating disorders need to be diagnosed by a health care professional. People with eating disorders may also have psychological problems (WebMD.Com Eating 1). Because of this, medical and mental healthcare workers are able to diagnose both disorders (ANRED Treatment 3). The Mayo Clinic states that race, age, and social status of patients are also factors that affect the diagnosis of eating disorders: ... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Bulimia Nervosa.† The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. D. Olendorf, C. Jeryan, and K. Boyden. 1999. 2 Jun. 2001. . Johnson, Michael MD. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa.† DiscoveryHealth.Com. 4 Feb. 2000. 2 Jun. 2001. . MayoClinic.Com. Eating disorders: Widespread and difficult to treat. 17 Nov. 2000. 2 Jun. 2001. . Reyes, Ann Ph.D. â€Å"Bulimia.† DiscoveryHealth.Com. 12 Dec 1999. 2 Jun. 2001. . Rush, Colleen. â€Å"A Weighty Issue: Men with Eating Disorders.† Dr.Drew.com Healthbriefs. 2001. 2 Jun. 2001. . WebMd.Com. Eating Disorders. 2 Jun. 2001 . WebMd.Com. What Causes Eating Disorders? March 1999. 2 Jun. 2001. .

Internet Advertising (Web Advertising) :: BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Web Advertising It is questionable whether advertising on the Web is effective, researchers say. According to Natia Enligh and Michael Pierce, authors of â€Å"Advertising on the Web,† the Web has the ability to deliver a flow of information. â€Å"For advertisers especially, the Web has enormous potential, mainly because of its vast size and global reach. Today marketers and advertisers are wondering just how they can use the Web to have the greatest impact on consumers.† Advertising on the Web is effective because it offers an extensive amount of information and is interactive. â€Å"Consumers can control the type of volume of information they get, in real time and with minimal effort. The Web has excellent potential to target common-interest groups nationally or across the world,† write Enligh and Pierce. Forrester Research Inc. of Cambridge, Mass. says because of the high cost of computers and Internet access, households that are on-line are more educated and have higher income levels than average ones. â€Å"Home Web users spend about four hours a week on-line. This means that they spend less time on other activities, particularly watching television. As a result, marketing strategies must integrate more mediums if they are to deliver a consistent message.† According to â€Å"Effective Internet Advertising Techniques,† (http://afgen.com/techniques.htm), these are some techniques to use when advertising on the Internet: †¢ Attract your reader with a catchy word or phrase right up front. †¢ Study other classifieds. If you see them repeatedly its because they work. †¢ Keep your classifieds brief and to the point, using phrases, not complete sketches. †¢ Use simple words, not long ones. Don’t confuse the reader. †¢ Tell the reader exactly what they are getting. †¢ Don’t try to sell the product in a classified. Simply try to get interested people to respond. †¢ Use energetic punctuation, such as exclamation points instead of periods. The Internet is Different Some experts believe reaching a younger target audience is effective for advertising on the Internet. â€Å"There are some sections of the population, such as young people and hobbyists, that you cannot reach with conventional media or whom it would be too expensive to reach with TV. The Internet is good mean to seek out niches,† says Andrew Rolf, creative director of Internet consultancy Hyperlink Interactive. (The Financial Times Limited-London) On-line advertising works differently than other mediums. Customers are in charge; they have control of the â€Å"Back† button.

History Exam Questions Essay

1. Where and why did Spain establish colonies in North America, and how did native peoples resist colonization? Spain established colonies in Central America, the Caribbean islands, and Mexico to increase their wealth and power. The native people resisted colonization by trying to fight back. 2. How did the Chesapeake colonies support the aims of British mercantilism? The Chesapeake colonies supported British mercantilism with their tobacco crops and the Bay’s rich fisheries. These served as highly valuable to Britain. 3. Why did slavery replace servitude as the dominant labor system in Virginia and Maryland? Through most of the 17th century, the Black population was small. Sometime after 1680, buying a slave for their lifetime was a greater investment than paying for an indentured servant. Lastly, the number of Africans bought by British dealers was up to 20,000 per year. Thus, this transition led slavery to replace servitude. 4. What caused the Beaver Wars and how did the French respond? The Beaver Wars was caused by a series of conflicts fought in 17th century in eastern North America. The French responded by participating in a war with them. 5. Who settled the earliest New England colonies, and why? The Puritans settled the earliest in New England colonies for religious freedom. 6. In what ways were the Mid-Atlantic colonies more diverse than the other colonies of the period? Mid-Atlantic colonies are more diverse because they have many different cultures living in that area. Moreover, diverse groups settled leaving a variety of religions or national origin. 7. Why did Spain establish colonies in Texas and California, and what role did missions play in anchoring the Spanish presence? The Spanish established colonies in Texas because they used it as a prevention of the French. The role it played was as a buffer. Spain settled in California as a last project in North America. 8. How did Louisiana differ from French Canada? 9. What kinds of divisions led to social tensions and conflicts in British North America? Divisions between different countries led to the social tensions. Many of their territories with divided. This later became known as the British North American Act. 10. How did African American culture evolve in the slave community, and what forms did resistance to captivity take? African American culture began to evolve when slaves with actually able to communicate with each other and when the female population went up and it made it possible for them to start families. Then, the combination of their elements of speech, religion and folk ways were developed. Resistance to captivity occurred in songs, key words, and many other creative ways. Identifications – All answers are worth 5 points. 11. With regards to agriculture, what does the term â€Å"monoculture† mean? Monoculture id the cultivation of a single crop (on a farm or area or country). 12. Define the term â€Å"celibate†. â€Å"Celibate† is a person who abstains from sexual relations. 13. Who was Pope’? John Pope was pope. 14. Give a good working definition of the practice of â€Å"mercantilism†. Mercantilism is economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism 15. What does the term â€Å"indentured servant† mean? An indentured servant is a person who bounds himself or herself to serve someone for a certain period of time in exchange for something else. 16. What does the term â€Å"racism† mean? Racism is hatred or intolerance of another race or other races and cultures 17. What did the term â€Å"Counter-Reformation† mean to the Roman Catholic Church? The Counter Reformation is a reformation counteracting a previous reformation. 18. What were the six tribes of the Iroquois League? The six tribes of the Iroquois were The Onondaga Nation, Oneida Nation, Seneca Nation, Tuscarora Nation, Mohawk Nation, and the Cayuga Nation. 19. As part of Calvinist theology, what does the term â€Å"predestination† mean? The term predestination was the question of the control God exercises over the world. 20. What is the principle of the â€Å"separation of Church and State†? The principle is to maintain a distance in relationship between organized religion and the Nation state. Who were the Quakers? They were a large group of immigrants that left England for freedom. 21. 22. Who was Metacom? Metacom was a Wampanoag chief who brought different American Indian groups together to fight against the English 23. What is an artisan? A artisan is a skilled trade worker, especially making things by hand. 24. Under slavery, what was the â€Å"task system†? A system used during slavery that allowed some slaves to work unsupervised as long as they complete the task within time. 25. What were â€Å"Maroon communities†? The Maroon communities were places a runaway slave could escape to. 26. What was the Enlightenment? A period during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when European philosophers pondered aspects of education, law, social theory, superstition, and ignorance. What was the Great Awakening? A American religious movement that began in New England near the mid 1730’s. 27. 28. What did the English consider to be a â€Å"balanced constitution†? A balance of power would be considered a balanced constitution. 29. What was â€Å"benign or salutary neglect†? â€Å"Benign or salutary neglect is when the Americans realized that they did not have to follow English law. 30. What is â€Å"The Fandango†? The â€Å"Fandango† is a Spanish dance.