Sony Corporation Financial review for the Year 2004-2005(As until Essay

Sony Corporation monetary review for the Year 2004-2005(As until Nov05) - Essay ExampleIn the Electronics segment, Sony develops, designs, manufactures electronic equipment. Its subsidiary, Sony Computer Entertainment Inc., the Company develops, produces, manufactures and markets games like PlayStation, PS one, PlayStation 2, among others. In the Music segment, Sony produces recorded melody and music videos, and also distributes compact discs (CDs), digital versatile discs (DVDs) and usual media discs (UMDs). Sonys Pictures segment includes production, acquisition and distribution of motion pictures, television broadcasting and online distribution. Sonys financial services include savings and loans. The Other segment consists of an advertising agency blood line and an Internet-related service business.Focusing on the recent financial division, Sony entered a new stage of development, one that seeks to target opportunities in the upcoming era of broadband networks. A new top-mana gement team made up of CEO Sir Howard Stringer, Director Dr. Ryoji Chubachi, and CFO Mr. Katsumi Ihara was formed to take the lead in this important effort. This is a pivotal year for Sony Corporation, and this new structure will enable the company to streamline its operation, and provide a more cohesive focus for direct its businesses around the world in a proactive and strategic manner.This Report is an attempt to analyze and review, in depth the financial status, position and a comprehensive reporting of the same to the Investors of Sony Corporation.Financial & Market Standpoint(As of Nov2005)The global economy was generally strong during the first half of the fiscal year. However, the U.S. economy began to slow in the second half of the year due(p) to a rapid slowdown in growth of consumer spending and other economic factors. As the fiscal year drew to a close, economies in Japan, Asia, Europe, and elsewhere showed increasing signs of weakness. Even amid these worsening market conditions, Sony was able to achieve a 9% increase in consolidated net sales for the year (Hem Scott, Inc. ). On a local currency basis, sales rose 12%(Hem Scott, Inc. ). A large increase in sales of electronics products was the primary reason. Regarding earnings, the Electronics business performed very well, originally due to the performance of digital products and semiconductors. The Game business posted a loss, which was chiefly a reflection of start-up expenses for the PlayStation 2 format. As a result, consolidated operating income increased only 1% compared with the previous year. However, excluding the impact of the stronger yen, on a local currency basis consolidated operating income increased 47%. mete out of sales and operating revenue by business segment* Year ended March 31, 2005 All eyes are on Sony or, more likely, on its high profit PlayStation home video game systems. PlayStation 2 dominates the game console market with active 70% of global sales (Nintendos GameCu be and Microsofts Xbox control about 15% each). Sony, one of the worlds top consumer electronics firms, also makes a host of other products,including PCs, digital cameras, Walkman stereos, and semiconductors these products account for more than 60% of the companys sales. Sonys entertainment assets include recorded music and

SEMESTER 1501 COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SEMESTER 1501 COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT - Essay ExampleThe Labour party took power and halted the sales of the houses. This finding made Mr. Gibson sue the respondents claiming a breach of a cover song contract. The county court and the court of appeal ruled in his favour but this was appealed to the kinsperson of Lords where the earlier decision was quashed.The dispute was a result of distinguishing between an offer and an invitation to treat. Notably, it should be comprehended that an offer is an expression of the desire to contract on various conditions upon acceptance while mere negotiations to get to into a given contract are not offers but invitations to treat.However, Geoffrey Lane LJ who was a court of appeal judge dissented and held at that place was no enforceable contract. The House of Lords unanimously allowed the appeal and made a final decision that there was no binding contract between the two parties.The principle behind the decision of the court of appeal was affirm ed by Lord Denning. The honorable judge emphasized that the communication between the parties should be also established by their channelize. Their conduct had supposed a binding contract between them and this led to the parties coming into an agreement. The House of Lords had a unanimous approach in this case. The court affirmed that there was never an offer by the council available to be accepted or rejected. Therefore, if there was no offer in the first place then, a binding contract was not realized between the two parties. The council cannot be accused of breaching.Lord Diplock embraced the conventional approach which affirmed that there was never an offer which constitute to a legally enforceable contract. The conventional approach requires that the documents to be relied upon to be analyzed thoroughly and ascertained whether in their construction there can be found a contractual offer to sell the house and an acceptance of such an

Macroeconomic Problems and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomic Problems and Analysis - Essay ExampleAccording to his published article, Phillips posited that when unemployment rate fell, pretension tended to rise and vice-versa, thus, the appargonnt link amidst these economic factors. (Cobham, 1998)However, with the recent economic trends, economists of various countries noted that low largeness can, in fact, coexist with low unemployment rate (Oliver, 1999). Such find trend is deemed to be contrary to the hypothesis of Phillips.This paper discusses the inflation and unemployment rate trend in Australia from 1994 to 2004. The paper aims to provide an explanation as to why the Phillips Hypothesis is regarded as an meagerly or inapplicable too to be used in analysing the relationship between the two economic factors.For over 40 years, the link between inflation and unemployment has been intensely debated upon by economists all over the world (Oliver, 1999). They hypothesis postulated by Phillips has been subjected to myriad crit icisms regarding its ability to explain the inflation-unemployment relation. For instance, in the 1970s, the Phillips edit fell short of elucidating why many countries experienced stagflation - an economic condition characterised by high level of unemployment coupled with high level of inflation (Wikipedia, 2005).With this, new theories emerged to better illustrate the observed link between inflation and unemployment levels. One of the most notable is the theory on non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) or the natural rate of unemployment. Based on this theory, the short term Phillips curve is negatively sloping showing the inverse relationship between unemployment (on the x-axis) and inflation (on the y-axis). (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2001)On the other hand, the long run Phillips curve is vertical, wherein only the natural rate of unemployment was consistent with stable inflation rate as expectations of market players change. In this regard, no trade-off is seen bet ween inflation and unemployment in the long run. However, this theory is critiqued due to the difficulty in determining the natural unemployment rate. (Levacic & Rebmann, 1982)Another theory, which is influential in explaining the inflation-unemployment linkage, is the one postulated by Milton Friedman. He argued that the Phillips curve is create due to money illusion such that the price inflation fooled businesses into perceiving that there is demand surge. As such, they hire more people, thus, decreasing the unemployment rate. Friedmans theory asserted that inflation tends to precede drops in unemployment rather than follow it. (Oliver, 1999)Other economists believe that, contrary to Friedmans theory, low unemployment raises bargaining power of workers. Given this, they tend to push for higher noun phrase wages resulting in cost-push inflation. Employers then would raise prices to remain within targeted profit level. (Wikipedia, 2005)Inflation-Unemployment Relation - The Case of AustraliaThe theories discussed only addressed scenarios in which stagflation occurs and when inflation and unemployment behave inversely. In the case of Australia and in other OECD countries as well, particularly in the 1990s to early 2000s, the robust output growth and prevailing low unemployment rate are coupled with low inflation. The growing Australian

SHORT LISTENING ASSIGNMENT FORMAT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SHORT LISTENING FORMAT - Assignment ExampleInstruments clearly comprehend from the shout include trumpets, reeds, bass, piano, drums, and trombones (Ellington, 1932). The sounding of these instruments blends to produces the desired jazz music impression.The drums in this case serve to establish the acts as the metronome to the band. The bass clearly sets the style of the song as well as the progression. It makes the foundation of the root note. Notably, these two, drums and the bass, play a significant role in setting the qualities of progression throughout the song. The melody is in the sax section where it goes back and forth between the Saxes and trumpets (Ellington, 1932). Bones get the melody occasionally although not more than the Saxes, trumpets and trombones that are the elementary harmony instruments in this song. From listening to the song, it is clear that the piano provides the bridge linking the bass and higher pitched instruments (Ellington, 1932). The piano helps to create space for the vocals in the song. Probably, this is because the piano has the accurate scale of notes and natural concert signature and hence is the teacher of the notes (Keith, 2004).From a personal perspective, this selected solo is successful because the written arrangement of the various sections merges effectively into a Swing Jazz song. The call and response between sections makes the song progressive and hence interesting to listeners (Typical Jazz Instruments, 2009). However, the solo is successful largely because it is easy to spring to the music. The musicians, actually, seem to enjoy the music. Their dancing makes them look more of entertainers than musicians (Keith, 2004). From a personal view, these qualities of Swing Jazz would not be achieved with an unsuccessful solo. In fact, this song stimulated my emotions that I yearned to have lived during the era of Swing Jazz to have a real life experience with the initial

A glimpse of Big Data Essay Example for Free

A glimpse of protrudesize Data Essay super selective information is not a precise term rather its a depicting of the never ending accumulation of all(prenominal) kinds of entropy, most of it unstructured. It describes selective information sets that are growing exponentially and that are in like manner large, too raw or too unstructured for analysis using relational database techniques. Whether atomic number 65s or petabytes, the precise amount is less the issue than where the data ends up and how it is apply.Cite from EMCs report Big data Big opportunity to create business value. When explosion happened in mobile network, cloud computing and meshing technology, more and more dissimilar information appeared. In the past, the numerous terabyte data could be a disaster for any familiarity, because it means high cost of storage and high death penalty CPU. However, in nowadays, companies discovered many facts they havent thought ab start these data before. Companies star ted to use data analytics technology to find business values from these terabyte or petabyte data. It seems to be a Brobdingnagian opportunity instead of disaster for companies now. Data is not only defined as structured data. When we talking about big data, it could be categorized into three types of data structured data, unstructured data, and semistructured data (Please see Chart I).Especially when internet and mobile internet developed rapidly, the unstructured data and semistructured data exploded. For example, a bank could draw a conclusion by analyze unstructured data to find out why number of churn increased. Most definitions of big data all talk about the size of data. However, size, or volume, is not the only characteristic of big data. There are other two characteristics, variety and velocity. Variety means big data generates from several of sources. Data type was no massiveer attached to structured data. According to the EMCs report, most of big data related to unstru ctured data. Velocity means the speed of data production. Data was no long structured data which was stored in the structured database. Data could come from anywhere and anytime mobile, censors, devices, manufacturing machine etc. The stream of data generates in real time. This means companions deed should be taken with this speed.Structured data Structured data is organized in structure. These data can be read and stored by computer. The form of structured data is structured data base that store specific data by methodology of columns and rows. Unstructured data Unstructured data refers to the data without identified structure. For example, video, audio, picture, text and so on. These data also called loosely structured data. Semistructured data Semistructured data organized in semantic entities. The datas size and type in one group could be different. For example, XML and RSS feeds. This data try to reconcile the real world with computer based database. Chart I. lead types of data.Big data analyticsBig data analytics is not a technique. It is a terms that contains a lot of technologies (See EXHIBITION I). Based on enterprises different requirement, each program will use different technology to analyze data. However, with the big datas development, some of these techniques become popular and useful. On the basis of the exhibition II, advanced analytics, visualization, real time, in-memory databases and unstructured data have strong-to-moderate commitment and strong potential growth.The traditional techniques, for example, OLAP tools and hand-coded SQL, have gradually lost their place. When a bank want to find the reason why the number of customer churn increased, or marketing department decide to push precise advertising to their customer, they need to analyze customer behavior. These data from customer service emails, phone call records, sales interview reports, login data from mobile devices, and so on. Almost all of these data cannot be analyzed by tr aditional data analytic techniques. Thats why these new techniques development so rapid and fierce. How a go with adopt big data analytics?According to the article Big Data, Analytics and the Path from Insights to Value published on MIT Sloan Management Review, the author categorized the company who used big data analytics into three stages (See Exhibition II). For most companies, it is easy to establish an enterprise data warehouses (EDWs). However, how to interpret these data and finding the business value from these data become the most crucial factor for companies. Besides, so many techniques and tools behind the term big data. For any company who decide to adopt big data analytics, the leading obstacle is lacking of understanding of how to use analytics to improve their business. From the article, the author gave 5 recommendation to any company who wanted to adopt big data analytics.1. Think Big. Focus on the biggest and highest value opportunities. Narrow down the options. 2. Start in the Middle. Within each opportunity, start with questions, not data. Company prefer to roll data and information at primary place. In fact, start with questions could help company continue to narrow down the scope and define the most invaluable direction. 3. Make analytics come alive. When Problem was defined, company need to apply analytics. Choosing the propriety tools to analyze the data. 4. Add, dong detract. Use centralized analytics. Every analysis is connected. 5. Build the parts, intend the whole. Big data from everywhere. The data will become more and more big and complex. Building the data infrastructure is crucial for big data analytics. Big Data, Big OpportunityWhen company decide to concern big data, it means every department are involved. Big data is not IT departments or analysts responsibility. In fact, big data analytics need information and help from sales, marketing, RD, IT and even external sources. Today, number of companies have entered into big d ata market. The following graph lists some big organizations who have adopted big data analytics. Besides, some of them provide big data services to other companiesThese organizations are just the decimal point of the iceberg. When big data converted from Blue Ocean to Red Ocean, some of these organizations have turned into services provider. This become a future trend in big data area. Big data needs expensive hardware and labor cost. Not every company can afford that. Besides, big data involved so many different computer technologies, not everyone understood all these techniques. For that matter, there will be more and more companies try to assay big data service from external environment. Using the external big data platform or tools could reduce the cost for building a in all new technique teams. What the companies need to do is finding the problem, narrow down the scope and sending the needs to services provider. When they get the analysis result, they could use the set res ult to take the next action.Furthermore, these services provider will not only focus on big companies. The new fashion is to provide cordial interface and easy to use product to individual customer. What behind big data will be still mystery for people, however, the face or net of big data will become more and more friendly and simple. There is an example Twithink. Twithink is a program invented by a MIT group. They provide customized twitter behavior analysis for customer. This program could draw some conclusion by analysis the unstructured information on Twitter. They collected the gender, location, time, key words, images, etc. from tweets. so they analysis these data under certain arithmetic to draw conclusions. The last research was the Election in 2012. The latest research is Gun Control discussion which still in progress.Problem and threats.Although big data has many opportunity and advantage for enterprises, it still has some disadvantages. The first crucial problem is privacy invasion. later you searched one product on Amazon, the next time when you login to Amazon, you will find the products you may interested which was Amazon pushed to you. This is called precise advertisement. However, you even didnt know when virago collected your information. Another example was Google Analyst, company embedded code into their website to collect peoples internet behavior.These things happened every day and everywhere. It is hard to argue this action is right or wrong. Maybe some are good. However, if personal data is sold or published by someone, it will affect individuals daily life. It will become a crucial problem. The Second problem is informations validity. According to the article With big data comes big responsibilities points out that big data sets are never complete. If data is insufficient, the analysis result would be invalid or distorted. The invalid information would guide company to wrong direction and cause a big loss. Thus, big data also has two side. How to use it to create more value for company is the first consideration for all managers.Reference1. Office 2013 Brings BI, Big Data to Windows 8 Tablets. ZDNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. 2. Big cognition for IBM Big Data. Smarter Computing Blog Big Recognition for IBM Big Data Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2013. 3. Big Data. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 4. Structured Data. Webopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 5. Unstructured Data. Webopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 6. Group of EMC. Big Data Big Opportunities to give Business Value. Rep. EMC, n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 7. Philip Russom. Big Data Analytics. N.p. TDWI, 2011. Print. 8. Lavalle, Steve. Big Data, Analytics and the Path from Insights to Value. MIT Sloan Management Review Winter 2011 21-31. Web. 9. . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 10. IBM InfoSphere Platform Big Data, Information Integration, Data Warehousing, cut through Data Management, Lifecycle Manageme nt Data Security. IBM InfoSphere Platform Big Data, Information Integration, Data Warehousing,Master Data Management, Lifecycle Management Data Security. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 11. Amazon Web Services, bribe Computing Compute, Storage, Database. Amazon Web Services, Cloud Computing Compute, Storage, Database. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 12. Oracle Big Data Appliance. Oracle Big Data Appliance. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 13. Google BigQuery Feedback on This Document. Google BigQuery. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 14. EMC Greenplum Data Computing Appliance Data Warehousing, Data Analytics (FW).EMC Greenplum Data Computing Appliance Data Warehousing, Data Analytics (FW). N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 15. Teradata. Data Appliance, Data Warehouse, Business give-and-take . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013. 16. Twithinks. TwiThinks. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Jan. 2013.17. Eria Naone. With Big Data Comes Big Responsibilities. N.p. MIT Technology Review, n.d. 2011.

Information security Essay Example for Free

Information security EssayMost organizations today be adopting and integrating technologies in their production with an aim of improving production, efficiency, profitability and the hawkish advantage in the market. This has been accelerated by the increasing globalization and innovation of naked technologies which pose a major competitive threat to many organizations. Also, cooking of environmental standards as well as increased expectation on the standards and quality of goods and services by both the government and customers has also necessitated adoption of upstart technologies to ensure this is met. New technologies in use today like the web 2. 0 and also the new internet as well as tuner technologies consecrate led to increased efficiencies as well as increased productiveness for most organizations. However, despite the advantages which accrue from introduction and use of new technologies in organizations, they pose major security threats to an organization. Data hij ack by criminals as well as terrorism threats are some of the challenges that organizations are facing during new technology implementation processes (Bazelon, Choi Canady, 2006).Security ask a go at its in regard to new technologies implementation in an organization Security is a top concern for most origin since it whitethorn lead to destruction of a companys reputation thus affecting the competitiveness of an entity. With increased globalization and increased terrorist threats, security risks have increased posing a major threat to most organizations. One of the major threats that companies face while implementing randomness technologies are the risk of losing or defend minute data.Information technologies especially via internet and other wireless technologies are accessible globally which poses a major threat to an organization. Organizations hold private and sensitive breeding regarding their employees, production processes and also marketing strategies which are vital for competitive advantage. However, with technology implementation, and the dynamism in technology, such data may be accessed by unauthorized individuals causing a cable great harm in terms of profitability. This also exposes the employees as well as an organizations customers at risk of fraudulent activities via technologies.Information security experts insist that just like information networks operate or cross borders with no regard for the provincial and guinea pig boundaries, also security vulnerabilities and threats pass in the same way thus necessitating greater and stern security measures to ensure that the threats are minimized (Hinojosa, 2005). Another threat that organizations are facing is terrorist attacks and threats. Currently, there are many terrorist groups which operate globally and they employ high technologies to carry out their tasks and to harass businesses and employees as well as the customers.An increase in global terrorist organizations in the world that are connected via the new technologies poses a major security threats to most organizations in the world. Terrorists may not only be interested with soliciting the financial and production processes of an organization, but also the structural and day to days activities of an organization with an aim of identifying weak areas or points which could be used to attack an organization. This is made possible by new technologies which enable then to tamper the security measures taken by an organization to ensure that it is defend (Sussman, 2008).Phishing and data mining is also another information security risk that is faced by organizations during implementation of technologies in an organization. Phishing refers to the unauthorized use of personal information of another person which is obtained through networks. It also involves alteration of an individuals computer software with an aim of obtaining the computer owners personal information by scrupulous individuals and for the purposes of defrauding the person or harming their reputation or career.With implementation of new technologies in an organization, the entity is enabled to sell its goods and services online and all the transactions are carried without having to pick up the customer or the client. While making the payments, a client gives his private financial data depending on the mode of payment which he or she uses. data processor criminals have a way of tampering with or gaining access of such information which they can manipulate to make purchases while pretending to be the clients.The business thus faces a risk of being sued by a client on such grounds and for lack of adequate protection measures. This has increased the speak to of implementing technology especially with different cases of security breach being reported today. Organizations are supposed to ensure that the private information of their clients and employees are well protect and that their solitude is upheld despite the cost this m ay involve (Ena, 2008). Risk of loss of important documents by an organization has also been a major security issue while implementing information technology.Apart from the risk of terrorist threats and phishing, an organization also faces the risk of losing vital information through dangerous programs such as the viruses which are hereditary via the internet and other networks. If such programs find their way to the computers and other technologies in a company, a company may risks losing most of its vital information as these programs corrupts the whole network system in an area. This could be dangerous for and organization as it may lead of reduced productivity, increased costs and reduced gelt (Blankespoor, 2005).With increased awareness of information security threats increasing in the world, the attackers have changed their tactics posing even a major threat to an organization. Most of the attackers are usually professional information technologists who invent new methods of accessing data from an organization despite the security measures taken. As mentioned earlier, technology is changing at a very(prenominal) high speed and so are the security threats to an organization. The dynamism of technology is a risk which cost organizations heavily as they try to keep footmark with it.While implementing new technologies, organizations are also faced with the bother of testing the validity of the technology. Most of the cases involving security breach end up being the problem in an organization. IT companies exonerate themselves by arguing that lack of adequate security policies in an organization are the major causes of any cost that an organization may incur (Wallace, Lusthaus. Kim, 2005). Conclusion Information technology is a major strategy that has enabled most of the businesses to perform well in terms of growth and expansion.New technologies have been on high demand in the recent past especially as most organizations go global which necessitates ne tworking. Technology improves the efficiency, effectiveness and the overall productivity of an entity. However, it poses major threats to the privacy of a company as well as its clients and employees. Stern security measures should be taken to ensure that technology implantation in an organization does not turn out to be more costly. This can be done though formulation of technology security policies and procedures to ensure privacy is upheld.

Examples of Social Responsibility in Business

Examples of Social Responsibility in BusinessEthical argument is a peoples thinking about right or wrong on human behavior or act. The author gave an example to consider human opposite approaches on situation under the concepts of duties, rights, and commitment. Morality is determined by the consequences of action. A consequences theory focusses on consequences of human action. Egoism cannot resolve conflicts of interest. The utilitarianism is the greatest amount of contentment for the greatest number.The author gave an example of firm that produced pollution as byproduct to its manufacturing process with both side of argument with government against business people to understand concept of ethics has nothing to do with business, nor business with ethics. The author gave Kantian (a business person) view of breaking a contract is not a clean-living act. All stakeholders be treated as persons, with respect for their individual dignity. A trust is the correct starting point for the derivation of ethical behavior enables the braid of practical ethics in business and other contexts.The H.B.Fuller is a company that manufacture sniffing glue. In Honduras, the children drugging themselves by sniffing glue. It was easy to get glue through and through H.B.Fuller company. Honduras faced some economic problems in effort to industrialize. The company has some option to reduce this problem. One was add mustard oil into glue or close the product. The government of Honduras must concentrate on children education to overcome this issue. The H.B.Fuller company was very reputable company and now they have to rebuild their image, moral and philosophy of company.The Milton Friedman gave his view on social responsibility of business is to increase its profit. In a free-enterprise, private-property system, a bodied management is an employee of the owners of the business. He argue that, executive director a polar social responsibility, rather than serving as an agent of the s tockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he spends the money in a diverse way than they would have spent it. He described political principle under two different mechanism, which are market and political. The Friedman said that executive is drill a distinct social responsibility, rather than serving as an agent of the stockholders or the customers or the employees, only if he spends the money in a different way than they would have spent it.The freeman described basic idea of stakeholder that business and executive who manage them, actually do and create value for customers, employees and financiers. The Freeman said about stake is an interest or a share in an undertaking and can be categorized as interest, right and ownership. in that respect are two types of business stakeholders. Primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders are those that have a direct stake in the organization and its success. Secondary stakeholders re those that have a public or special interest stake in the organization. The Freeman explained responsibility of the executive in managing for stakeholders with a different example. He also described some argument to manage stakeholders. One of the strongest arguments for managing for stakeholders is that it asks executives and entrepreneurs to consider the question of what kind of company they want to create and build.Italian federal corporate tax system has a legal tax structure and tax rates as U.S. system does. The Italian tax authorities believe that no any firms submit tax return. All firms lies about their income and fraud to Italian tax authorities. The Italian corporation is represented by its commercialista, a function which exists in Italian society for the primary purpose of negotiating corporate (and individual) tax payments with the Italian tax authorities. The Italian service did lying and fraud. The negotiation of corporate tax by Italian tax authority managed with commercialista and bustarella, it is wrong action to earned money.The author Bowie described three formulation of fundamental of ethics. Act only on that apothegm by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. The Bowie said that if everyone made lying promises, the consequences would be bad although they would. Rather, Kant is aspect that the very concept of lying promises, when assumed as a principle by everyone, is confused. The Bowie gave two example to illustrate Kants view. If a maxim for an action when universalized is self-defeating, therefore the contemplated action is not ethical. That is Kants conceptual point.