Classification and Marine Biodiversity Essay Example for Free

Classification and Marine Biodiversity Essay Important Background Information that you need to know and understand: (Understand the Key Concepts) Key words: binominal system of naming; science of classification is taxonomy; species; levels of classification (know them); dichotomous identification key; 5 kingdoms; etc†¦ CLASSIFICATION Our oceans have a great variety of life forms. Thousands of new species are discovered each year. We need to identify, name, and know the biology of all the marine species. To understand this huge array of species, a simple classification system is used to produce some order out of chaos. Example: this class has persons of all sorts of shapes, sizes, colour, eye colour, finger shape size, etc†¦.what criteria would you use to separate us all out? HISTORY Historically, we group things according to their likeness or use. There were grouping such as edible, poisonous, or medicinal. In your own dialect, you have local names for the edible things on the reef but there is no name for sponges, ascidians, and nudibranchs which you have no use for. There are only general names for corals, sharks, etc. In Fiji, we have no names for the deepsea snappers because we never caught and eat them but in Hawaii and Kiribati, you have different names for different deepsea snappers because you have caught them for generations. Fiji have large lagoonal areas and never needed to fish off-shore.. 25 years ago, Fijian students knew the local names of fish. Today, many students have lost that knowledge because they rarely go back to the village. Aristotle is the first scientist to classify all living things. John Ray developed keys to identify animals. Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swede invented a simple naming system which we still use today (binominal nomenclature) made up of 2 Latinized words (genus species). e.g. Homo sapiens (in italics or underlined with the first letter in the genus is in capital). The genus or species may be descriptive or named after a person or place. Using scientific names shows scientific exactness as compared to common names which can be very general. Example: Siganus uspi Woodland and Gawel, 1974. Genus, species, describers, year they described it in. METHODS Members of a group share many characters. We use characters which do not change e.g. structure and method of reproduction. Characters can be countable (number of fins) or expressed as a % of total length (head length etc); Characters can be absent or present. Colour can be used as a secondary character as it can change with the environment (and fade after preservation). Fossil records are used to find out about the evolution of groups of organisms. DNA is now used to separate species too. TAXONOMY The science of classification is taxonomy. A person who classifies things is a taxonomist. 5 kingdoms: animalia; plantae; fungi; protista; monera. Protista have distinct nucleus, monera has indistinct nucleus. See kingdom of living things on page 207. You may wish to break your classification into vertebrates and invertebrates. The categories are (classifying you) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens What is a species: A species is a group of organisms (basically alike) and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile off spring. Consider a mule (horse x donkey); a liger (lion x tiger). Infertile off springs. Butterfly fishes can hybridize. Marine Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the number and variety of earth’s life forms (remember the 5 kingdoms). KNOW THE Importance of biodiversity 1. If you care about the environment, you must feel strongly that other living things have a right to survive alongside each other. Other organisms do not need to benefit humans directly to have a right to exist. 2. By protecting the earth’s biodiversity, we are ensuring my own survival. As we learn about the amazing complexity of earth’s biodiversity, we will discover more and more direct benefits. 3 types of diversities 1. genetic biodiversity (refer to genetic variety and variability within each species – genes vary between individuals within a species). Use your class as an example and see the differences – not only in colour but body shape and sizes, eye color, hair colour, skin color, shapes of hands etc. Marine species also show variability in shape and colour. 2. species biodiversity (refer to the number of different species living on earth) 1.8 million species has been discovered and described by scientists. We think there may be between 5 and 100 million species. Disappearing species- serious loss of biodiversity due to overfishing for food/use as well as increased nutrient levels caused by from pollution from the land. Old timers tell you about the amount of marine life off Suva 30 years ago-if we don’t start conserving biodiversity, we may only see them in marine parks or preserved as a specimen in museums. Endemic species-only found in a certain country e.g. Siganus u spi (USP rabbitfish) only found in Fiji. 3. ecosystem biodiversity- refer to variety in the combination of species that form ecosystems such as ponds, coral reefs, forests, or grassland. It is the variety of ecosystem types that is ecosystem diversity. An ecosystem can be as large as the Great Barrier Reef or as small as the back of a spider crab (that allows sponges, algae and worms to grow on the shell). Biodiversity in the ecosystems is not just the number of different species; it is the variation within them and the different roles they have in forming the ecosystems. Ecosystems are complex because they are formed by a variety of interactions between species. One interaction is food web; provide an attachment base for others; alter current and light patterns; provide camouflage, shelter or compete for space. Ecosystems are functional units of the marine world. Small worms are just as important as large whales because each have a vital role to play in the ecosystem. Humans interfere and the naturally-balanced ecosystem becomes unbalanced (if we take all the herbivorous fish, the algae would grow vigorously and push out the corals on the coral reef). Ecosystems are dynamic†¦changed by physical and biological processes (tides, storms, succession, humans). An ecosystem applies interactions over large and over small scale. Fish from the lagoon ecosystem depend on the mangrove ecosystem (as juvenile nursery ground) and on coral reef ecosystem (as a feeding ground). Ecosystems can be classified at different scales using parameters such as geology, coastal landforms, water temperature’ salinity, currents, upwellings, wave exposure, depth, and patterns of major life forms (e.g. seagrass). Proper functioning of the marine environment is dependent on its ecological integrity (all components are present, operational and ecological viable). Marine ecosystems are continually changing to meet the changing conditions. Biogeography Biogeography is the name given to the study of the distribution of life on earth. We may look at the windward side and leeward side of the Fiji group. The marine environment on the windward side is affected by the tradewinds which bring strong currents which in turn wash away the sediments. It is more rainy too. The leeward side has less wind and less wave action so sediments stay around. Nutrients from the land do not get disperse quickly. We can also look at the northern areas of Fiji and Rotuma (hotter) and the southern areas including Kadavu and Minerva Reef (cooler). Because the conditions are different, the organisms living there may differ too. Biodiversity and Marine Life Plankton The text book does not cover this topic. Plankton (all animals and plants that live in the water but drift about at the mercy of wind and currents). (Nekton can swim against the current e.g. fish). Those organisms that spend all their lives in the plankton are called holoplankton. Those that spend only part of their lives in the plankton are called meroplankton. Plankton are usually small but they can be up to 1.5m across e.g. large jellyfish. Phytoplankton are plant plankton and zooplankton are animal plankton. Plankton is collected by plankton nets (either by a horizontal tow or a vertical tow). Plankton are important because many are the larval stages of marine animals we see. Plankton provides food for many of the filter feeders in the marine environment (from whales to invertebrates to other plankton). Phytoplankton also produces oxygen to release into the atmosphere. Plankton support major fisheries. They recycle nutrients in the microbial loop. Examples of Phytoplankton: diatoms and dinoflagellates (causes fish poisoning). Examples of Zooplankton: copepods, jellyfish. Sunfish, arrow worms. To keep afloat (stay in the epipelagic zone) plankton swim weakly, have body fluids which are less dense than seawater, actively exude heavy ions, have gas filled sacs, use oils and fats (diatoms and fish eggs have oil), have parachute like forms (slow their sinking rate) or growing spiny appendages (also makes them harder to eat), or have watery tissue (jelly-like). Moffatt, B; Ryan, T; and Zann, L 2003. Marine Science for Australian Students. pp608. Wet Papers Publications.

Perceiving the Flavor of Fat :: Obesity Health Essays

Perceiving the Flavor of Fat When we crave our favorite foods and snacks, those tasty visions in our heads don't usually resemble that of a large, juicy carrot stick or a sumptuous rice cake. We want fat. It's delicious, it's filling, and it just makes everything taste better. It can also make you considerably overweight, not to mention the heart disease and other complications that can result if dietary fat is not consumed in moderation. The appealing taste of fat may very well attribute for the fact that one in three Americans is overweight ("FDA Approves,"1996). Is there anything that can be done about this terrible problem that affects us all? Many researchers say there is. You can either choose to face the facts and simply steer clear of the nasty culprit, or you can fool your taste buds into perceiving the taste of fat without the real stuff ever actually passing your lips. However, before discussing these options, let's talk a little more about fat itself and some of the things it's responsible for. With the large percentage of Americans that are overweight today, it's no surprise that so many physicians are continually recommending diet changes to their patients. However, the majority of these doctors say that the largest barrier keeping Americans from changing their diets is food taste preference (Soltesz, Price, Johnson, & Telljohan, 1994). The patients don't want to switch to a high-fiber low-fat diet because low-fat high-fiber foods don't taste as good as high-fat low-fiber foods. A big bowl of bran flakes just doesn't have the same calming, pleasurable effects as a big bowl of Blue Bell ice cream. Of course, large individual differences must be acknowledged. Some people may actually prefer the taste of bland foods. In fact, one study done on anorexic individuals found that these people actually disliked the taste of foods rich in fat (Simon, Bellisle, Monneuse, Samuel-Lajeunesse, et. al. 1993). Much of what we now know about fat and its effects comes from studies done on mice and rats. For example, Rockwood (1990) found that adult rats and developing rats prefer a diet with a relatively high level of fat. In addition to showing that animals as well as humans prefer the taste of fat, there also appears to be a link between fat consumption and behavior. Hilakivi-Clarke, Cho, and Onsjafe (1996) uncovered some startling evidence suggesting that a high-fat diet may induce aggressive behavior in male mice and rats.

Promote child and young person Development Essay

Children and young people need an environment which is most likely to promote effective and confident child development where they can experience and environment of mutual respect and trust and open communication. We as practitioners need to reflect on our own practice where we can evaluate the contribution we have made to the support of child development and find ways that we can improve our practice. When reflecting on our practice we need to look at the ways in which we communicate with the children and young people such as varying with different methods of communications through a range of activities referring the stages of their development. We do this in our setting by looking at the plans and linking the activity to the EYFS and looking closely to new vocabulary and proposed learning outcomes that we will focus on whilst doing the activity. Good practice would be to evaluate the activity after the week and then look back at what you did or didn’t do such as explain new shapes and positional language in a physical activity. In our setting we will always ask each other, as colleagues, to see if they would like to input anything and just for a little reassurance that you are doing something the correct way and beneficial for the children. Bad practice would be to not allow the children to be experimental with the activity and for the activity to be purely adult led, this would not allow the children’s development to grow and progress. We will try to avoid situations in which children receive adult attention only in return for undesirable behaviour. Children crave attention whether it is positive or negative. If we give them this they may not feel the need to behave badly. We make sure that bad behaviour is not taken away from the rest of the group and that no one is singled out for their attention. We set these clear behaviour boundaries and rules so that the setting is able to run effectively with all the team members working towards the same aim. The children will also feel more secure and confident if they know what is expected of them, what is or isn’t acceptable. Being positive role models will help the children look up to us for guidance and to also copy the behaviour they witness therefore it is of great importance that we promote good behaviour by being polite, friendly, kind etc. How we treat unacceptable behaviour Physical punishment such as smacking or shaking will be neither used nor threatened within our setting. This is highly inappropriate and of course illegal and it could also be extremely frightening for children. Children will never be sent out of the room on their own as this would be very upsetting for the child and potentially very dangerous as anything could happen to them. They must be accompanied with an adult at all times. Techniques intended to single out and humiliate individuals will not be used. This will also be very upsetting for the child and very humiliating for them, so we at Priory Pre-school have a ‘’thinking chair’’ in place. This is for the children to think about their bad behaviour. Once they have had time to think, we will talk to them and make them understand what they have done was not nice and could have potentially hurt another child. We will always let them express themselves and the teacher will always listen to the child to allow them to explain why they did the bad behaviour. This will allow the teacher to find out more information about the incident. If a serious behavioural incident would occur such as racial or abuse, the behaviour will be made clear immediately by explanations from the children and not by blaming anyone. It is very important to make sure that the behaviour they are doing is not welcome at the pre-school and not the child themselves. It is important to quickly move on from the bad behaviour once dealt with and then concentrate on the child’s good behaviour. Adults will not raise their voices in a threatening manner as this would be frightening to the child. Talking and explaining to a child will be much more beneficial. We make sure that cultural expectations are regarded in the pre-school and to make sure that their wishes are met as it would be inappropriate for us to go against th em. We remember that all of the children at our pre-school are different and will react differently to being told off for their misbehaviour. Re-occurring behaviour problems will be tackled by the whole pre-school and the child’s parents using objective observation records to try to understand the cause of the situation. It is important to record observations to gain a larger picture of why the behaviour is occurring and the records could show numerous reasons and could possibly show a pattern of behaviour. We will  always keep the child’s parents informed about how we are managing it and the progress of the child. It helps to let the parent know as the parent can continue the same practices as what we at the pre-school will use. A multi-agency approach is the best way of ensuring that all of the child or young person’s developmental needs are met. Using multi agencies, such as community centres, institutions and services is very important when working with childre n and young people as it is an effective way of supporting the children, young people and their families and parents and carers with additional needs and helps to secure an improved outcome. For example, in our setting we have an educational psychiatrist who comes in and visits every term to help go through the Individual Education Plan (IEP) for two children to review the current plan and set new targets to improve their learning, these are specifically for children with special educational needs (SENCO). By visiting these agencies and working closely with professionals like this, it can support the early intervention process for children and young people to prevent problems occurring in the first place, or resolve present problems which in term will reduce the amount of referrals being made. By working with agencies, it will allow practitioners to work in an inclusive way by looking closely at the need of every child and young person and making sure they are valued and supported to ensure active participation in all areas of the curriculum. In our local community we use a few local agencies such as Houghton Regis Community Centre and Downside Community Centre who allow parents to visit them for meetings for extra help on how to promote good child development and general care taking for their children.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Cure Leukemia - 980 Words

Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Cure Leukemia Genetic Engineering consists in altering the DNA of a cell with the purpose of researching, as well as correcting genetic defects. (learn.genetics.edu) One of the human bodys cells has the ability to grow into any one of the bodys more than 200 cell types and this is called Stem Cells. They are not specialized and unlike mature cells, they can renew themselves and create new cells. Stem cells have a great potential, but extremely limited is the number of treatments that have been proven to be actually be effective. (learn.genetics.edu) Hematopoietic Stem Cells have been used to treat many diseases since 1968, infusing healthy stem cells into the patient, performing therefore a stem cell transplant. There are three ways in which stem cells can be collected from: bone marrow, peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood. (learn.genetics.edu) At the moment, Hematopoietic Stem Cells are the only stem cells used to treat disease routinely. These include disorders of these blood cells such as sickle cell anemia and leukemia. Fig 2 Leukemia a cancer of the white blood cells (leukocytes) of the body. These develop from somatic stem cells. Mature leukocytes are released into the bloodstream, where they work to fight infections. Leukemia appears when white blood cells begin to function abnormally and become cancerous. These cancerous cells cannot fight infections, and they interfere with the functionality of the otherShow MoreRelatedStem Cell Therapy Essay1036 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch areas had emerged for that purpose including one of the most fascinating and highly active areas at present, stem cells therapies. Due to self-renewal property and differentiation capability of stem cell, it becomes a new hope in modern treatment. The first successful case of stem cell therapy in human was reported in 1959. Bone marrow restorations were observed in leukemia patients who received total body irradiation subsequent by intravenous injection of their twins’ bone marrow (ThomasRead MoreStem Cell Gene Therapy Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesIn recent years, hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (HSC GT) has emerged as an innovative strategy to cure several primary immunodeficiency disorders such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) and Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS). The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is an â€Å"X-linked, complex primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by mutations in the WAS gene and is characterized by recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia, eczema, autoimmunity and an increased risk of lymphoma† (1). Severe WAS can leadRead MoreEssay on Bone Marrow Transplants1155 Words   |  5 Pagesoption for individuals born with inherited disorders that carry limited life expectancy and poor q uality of life (G). Over 4,500 hematopoietic stem cell [bone marrow] transplants performed on patients in the United States annually (H). Bone marrow transplants originally developed to allow the use of very high doses of cytotoxic drug treatments for malignancies, such as leukemia (B). Two types of possible donors: mismatched related donors [mmRD] and matched sibling donors [MSD] (E). Although bone marrowRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreAcute Myeloid Leukemia ( Aml )3312 Words   |  14 PagesAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by an increase in the number of myeloid cells in the marrow and an arrest in their maturation.(1) Make sure you use the ASM system for reference citation; I do not believe this format you have is correct. The symptoms of AML are caused by the replacement of normal bone marrow with leukemic cells, which causes a drop in red blood cells, platelets, and normal white blood cells.(2) These symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, easy bruising and bleedingRead MoreChronic Myeloid Leukemia ( Leukemia )1270 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of leukemia that affect thousands of people each year and many do not survive this type of cancer. Yearly occurrences of new cases reach up to about 54,000 and almost half of this staggering number end fatally. The four types that are most common for this cancer are acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Leukemia is a cancer of the blood cells where abnormally high counts of white blood cells are producedRead MoreThroughout centuries, scientists have discovered new and improved ways of curing certain types of1500 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout centuries, scientists have discovered new and improved ways of curing certain types of diseases with medical treatments that continue to be discovered. When newly discovered, many treatments and cures are controversial. Immediately, society questions whether or not these medical practices are reliable, safe, and ethical procedures. Such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), also known as â€Å"electroshock†, a medical procedure where patients who may be victims of schizophrenia or depressionRead MoreStem Cells Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesMesenchymal stem cells go on to develop into: connective tissue, like adipocytes, stromal cells or tenocytes; muscle tissues, from myoblasts into skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle types; cartilage, which is created when an osteochondral progenitor cell develops into a chondroblast then a chondrocyte; or bone tissue, which is also developed from an osteochondral progenitor cell, into an osteoblast, then an osteocyte. Hematopoietic stem cells are what create all the different components of bloodRead MoreThe Benefits Of Human Cloning : Pros And Cons1254 Words   |  6 Pagesmedicine and assists those with physical disabilities by producing clones of themselves. Why clone themselves if they have a disability? Scientists can use cells from the embryo to customize the regeneration of the new organ, tissue, or body part. As far as cloning an organ goes, this benefits the millions of people who acquired a disease with no cure. For example, diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Diabetes, cloning has the ability to grow the organ or repair damaged tissue triggering theseRead MoreEssay on Leukemia: Cancer of the Blood1639 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of transportation. Blood is a part of the hematopoietic system, which also includes lymphatic tissue, bone marrow, and the spleen. Blood is a complex transport medium that performs vital pick-up and delivery services for the body by pic king up food and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems, and delivering those vital elements to different cells of the body. In exchange of the blood and oxygen, blood then picks up wastes from the cells for delivery to the urinary organs. These functions

Huntington’s Disease Essay - 787 Words

Many of you may not know much about Huntington’s disease. After reading this paper and the subsequent ones to come, you surely will. According to PudMedHealth.com, â€Å"Huntington’s disease is a disorder passed down through families in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away or degenerate.† This can lead to many different complications to a person’s health. In most cases, the disease’s symptoms develop later in life during a person’s mid thirties-forties. There are also instances where the disease becomes on-set in children or during adolescence. The question that I am writing about is the disease itself ,and which symptoms affect you the worst. The reason I chose to write about this disease is because I have always been†¦show more content†¦Obviously, if this is causing problems with movement, then there will definitely be some more problems with other parts of the body as well. Some other problems that Huntingto n’s disease may also cause deals with some psychiatric disorders. According to Huntington-Study-Group.org, â€Å"Depression is very common in HD, very treatable, and may precede the onset of other signs and symptoms of the illness. Severe depression may even lead to suicide attempts in a few individuals.† It’s very good that the depression disorder is easily treatable because someone with Huntington’s disease does not need something else like depression holding them down from life like all the rest of the symptoms already do. The website also says that â€Å"other psychiatric difficulties seen in some people with HD include anxiety, obsessiveness, irritability, impulsiveness, social withdrawal, and trouble initiating activity. A few individuals with HD may have aggressive outbursts or even psychosis (hallucinations or delusions).† This disease gets to me pretty bad for some reason. I do not personally know anyone with this disease. Like I said earl ier though, I would really like to be able to work with people that do sometime later in my life. It would make me feel really good to be able to help them out in any way that IShow MoreRelated Huntingtons Disease Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington’s disease is a degenerative neurological disorder affecting movement, cognition, and emotional state (Schoenstadt). There are two forms of Huntington’s disease (Sheth). The most common is adult-onset Huntington’s disease, with persons usually developing symptoms in their middle 30s and 40s (Sheth). There is an early onset form of Huntington’s disease, beginning in childhood or adolescence, and makes up a small percentage of the Huntington’s population (Sheth). Huntington’s disease is aRead MoreEssay on Huntington’s Disease990 Words   |  4 Pagesand mental retardation. (Ridley, 55) Victims of this syndrome rarely live past the age of seven. The last and most interesting situati on occurs when this gene becomes mutated. In this case, the individual will suffer from Huntington’s Chorea, a debilitating neurological disease which will not show its effects until mid-life. Because of this disorder, the gene is known as â€Å"The Huntington Gene,† though it has also been referred to as â€Å"The Wolf-Hirschorn Gene† and â€Å"IT15† meaning â€Å"Interesting TranscriptRead MoreEssay Huntingtons Disease1113 Words   |  5 PagesHuntingtons Disease Background Huntingtons disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease that gives rise to progressive, elective (localized) neural cell death associated with choleric movements (uncontrollable movements of the arms, legs, and face) and dementia. It is one of the more common inherited brain disorders. About 25,000 Americans have it and another 60,000 or so will carry the defective gene and will develop the disorder as they age. Physical deterioration occurs over a periodRead MoreResearch Paper on Huntingtons Disease1268 Words   |  6 PagesHuntington’s disease is a hereditary brain disorder that is progressive in neurodegeneration; which means, there is a loss of function and structures of one’s neurons. In the long run it results in the loss of both mental and physical control. The disease affects muscle coordination, cognition and behavior. It used to be known as Huntington’s chorea because it is the most common genetic disease that is the cause of abnormal twitching. Huntington s has an intense effect on patients, as individualsRead More Understanding Huntingtons Disease Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding Huntingtons Disease Diagnosis of Huntingtons Disease Today, a blood test is available to diagnose a person displaying suspected Huntingtons symptoms. The test analyzes DNA in the blood sample and counts the number of times the genetic code for the mutated Huntingtons gene is repeated. Individuals with Huntingtons Disease usually have 40 or more such repeats; those without it, 28 or fewer. If the number of repeats falls somewhere in between then more extensive neurologicalRead MoreEssay about Huntingtons Disease1557 Words   |  7 PagesHuntington’s Disease is a brain disorder affecting movement, cognition, and emotions (Schoenstadt). It is a genetic disorder generally affecting people in their middle 30s and 40s (Sheth). Worldwide, Huntington’s disease (affects between 3-7 per 100,000 people of European ancestry (Schoenstadt). In the United States alone, 1 in every 30,000 people has Huntington’s disease (Genetic Learning Center). Huntington’s Disease is a multi-faceted disease, with a complex inheritance p attern and a wide rangeRead MoreEssay about Huntingtons Disease979 Words   |  4 PagesHuntingtons Disease Huntingtons Disease is a genetic autosomal disorder which effects the brain. It affects about 1 in 20,000 individuals. The symptoms of the disease do not start to occur until after or around 40 years of age. With the onset of the disease the patient starts to gradually deteriorate intellectually, this deterioration also causes involuntary movements. Scientists have only recently found the section of the gene which causes Huntingtons disease, and this is allowed themRead MoreTaking a Look at Huntingtons Disease1745 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Huntington’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. The cytoplasmic protein affected in Huntington’s disease is Huntingtin, coded for by the Huntingtin gene. The mutated version of the Huntingtin protein has several degenerative consequences on the molecular level. These are mainly caused by the elongated chain of glutamines that abberantly interacts with proteins and diminishes their biological functions. The mutated protein alsoRead MoreEssay on Huntingtons Disease - An Overview1185 Words   |  5 PagesHuntingtons Disease - An Overview Huntingtons Disease is a devastating and progressive neurological disorder that resu lts primarily from degeneration of nerve cells deep in the center of the brain. The condition was first described by George Huntington, a physician in New York, in 1872. Even then, the physician recognized the all-encompassing factors of the disorder when describing it as, coming on gradually but surely, increasing by degrees, and often occupying years in its developmentRead MoreEssay on Understanding Huntingtons Disease2054 Words   |  9 PagesUnderstanding Huntingtons Disease Huntingtons disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntingtons is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder. So if one parent has it, and passes the gene on to a child, that child will develop Huntingtons disease if they live

Positive And Negative Effects Of Authoritarian Parenting...

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the positive and negative effects of authoritarian parenting on Filipino children. Authoritarian parenting accounts for a child’s good school performance, but also for their lower self-esteem and low social skills. However, this parenting style can be more favorable to collectivistic groups who care about the group’s appearance and reputation, and even to ethnic minorities because they may need more self-control to prevent giving someone a reason to harass them. Authoritarian parenting is relevant to me because my parents raised my two sisters and me with different parenting styles each; and it appears that they grew to be more lenient with each child. I want to further understand how my parents’ choice to be stricter on my older sister, in order to control her wild personality, influenced how she behaves now. The Effects of Authoritarian Parenting on Filipino Children Parents are often blamed for their children’s behaviors, like how coaches are criticized for their player’s performances on game day. There is substantial evidence that how parents raise their children can influence their child’s success professionally, socially, and even health-wise (Selin, 2013). Environment is only one part of the reciprocal determinism triad (Bandura, 1986 as cited in Boyd Bee, 2012), but it is still important to understand how this type of parenting will help influence a child. How can a â€Å"harsh† parenting style like authoritarian benefit a child?Show MoreRelatedChild Rearing Practice Among Filipino Family by Zaira de Leon1107 Words   |  5 PagesDONA REMEDIOS TRINIDAD ROMUALDEZ MEDICAL FOUNDATION FINAL PAPER FOR PSYCHIATRY MED- I CHILD REARING PRACTICE AMONG FILIPINO FAMILY SUBMITTED BY: ZAIRA NINA T. DE LEON MEDICINE- I Child rearing practices vary from culture to culture, influenced by a myriad of factors that include environment, education, income, family structure, religion and many others. Trends in childrearing differ even among people of the same cultureRead MorePerspectives on Love in Reality Parenting Shows1194 Words   |  5 PagesMany parenting programs have been made in recent years such as the Supernanny and Brat Camp which were first aired in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Both were originated from United Kingdom. So, this kind of show is no longer new to the viewers. All the mentioned parenting shows earlier including the Worlds Strictest Parents mainly focuses on the teenagers behavioral problems. 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Barn Burning By William Faulkn Essay Research free essay sample

Barn Burning By William Faulkn Essay, Research Paper A Critical Approach to Faulkner s Barn Burning In Barn Burning, by William Faulkner, a renter farming household is forced to travel after the male parent, Abner, set fire to his neighbour s barn. Abner did this in revenge of the neighbour s maintaining Abner s pig that kept acquiring in the neighbour s yard. This was the 12th clip in ten old ages that the household had to travel due to Abner s fierce choler and vindictive Acts of the Apostless. Upon their reaching at their new renter farm, Abner and his youngest boy, Sarty, take a amble up to the chief house to talk with the landholder, Major de Spain. When they arrived at the chief house, Abner intentionally stepped in manure before come ining the house. He refused to pass over his pess even though he was told to make so. He rubbed the manure in, staining the expensive carpet, and refused to clean it. The Major so took Abner to tribunal. Sarty, a ten-year-old male child, knew his male parent expected him to lie, and he was torn between staying loyal to his male parent and making what was right. The Justice of the Peace ordered Abner to refund the Major with 10 bushels of maize from his harvest. That dark, in revenge Abner decides to fire Major de Spain s barn. Abner Snopes was a difficult adult male who expected his household to accept his beliefs, without inquiry. He was a adult male full of resentment and choler who felt it the right thing to make to take retribution upon anyone who did him wrong. Sarty, his youngest boy, dealt with an interior struggle of staying loyal to his male parent and household ties and making what was morally right. Sarty, after much inner struggle, ran to warn de Spain of his male parent s purposes. He heard two gun shootings and realized that his male parent had been kil led. Alternatively of returning place, Sarty ran off and neer looked back. He felt a small guilty, but largely relieved that he was at last free of that life style and the interior struggle. Throughout the narrative, Sarty was torn between his male parent s beliefs and making what he felt was right. In the terminal he decided to make what was morally right which meant that he had to abandon his household. He volitionally broke off from the oppressive conditions of his household and isolated himself from everything he had of all time known. In Barn Burning, secret plan, character, puting, point of position, and symbolism all promote the development of the thought that when one is faced with a hard determination, that individual should trust on his or her ain values, non those of his or her household, to do the right pick. Faulkner s Barn Burning is a dangerous narrative because it really clearly shows the classical battle between the privileged and the unprivileged categories in the late 19th century after the Civil War. Time after clip emotions of desperation surface from both the supporter and adversary involved in the narrative. This narrative outlines one distinguishable supporter and one distinguishable adversary. The supporter is Colonel Sartoris Snopes ( Sarty ) , a ten-year-old male child, and the adversary is his male parent Abner Snopes. Sarty, the supporter, is surrounded by his male parent s hostility. Abner Snopes is opposed to the societal construction and the battle that it imposed on him and his household. Abner makes the determinations for his household though they may non ever be right. In Oliver Billingslea s unfavorable judgment, he states, What Abner Snopes has done is making to his household is to smother each member s individualism. His subject is inhibitory, about Puritanical ( Billingslea 293 ) . Abner conflicts against any authorization. He does what he wants no affair what the effects are. Sarty is Abner s merely existent fright. He realizes that Sarty is a good child and will turn him in if he is given the opportunity. While contending against important figures, Abner is besides combating Sarty and Sarty s good will. Sarty refers to Abner as being cut out of Sn ( Faulkner 149 ) . He believes that Abner is cold, tough, and unwilling to flex for anything. He knows that Abner is set in his ways and doesn T program to alter for anything or anyone. Sarty is afraid of his male parent and knows what Abner is capable of. For this ground, Sarty feels the demand to be loyal to Abner, his male parent. At the same clip, he realizes that Abner is non carry throughing anything by his actions. Their household is enduring because of Abner. Sarty is easy turning up throughout the narrative. Equally shortly as Sarty warns Major de Spain, a landholder who they worked for, of Abner s purpose to fire his barn, Sarty mentally made the determination to go forth childhood and go a adult male. At that point he took his hereafter into his ain custodies and no longer allowed anyone, including Ab, to make up ones mind how he would populate his life. Harmonizing to Oliver Billingslea, William Faulkner s Barn Burning is a narrative about the relationship between a male parent and his boies, non merely in the familial sense of blood ties, but in a religious sense every bit good, particularly in regard to how the younger boy s scruples dictates action. It is the narrative of one male child s relationship to what Faulkner called the old truths and truths of the bosom, evidenced in Sarty s pursuit for a male parent figure that will give significance and order to his life ( Billingslea 287 ) . Nicolet s treatment takes a different attack in his unfavorable judgment: William Faulkner s Barn Burning is basically a morality drama in which good and evil, embodied in the struggle between Abner Snopes ( who represents what will go Snopesism in general ) and the basically nice by comparatively powerless universe of the Justice of the Peace s tribunal and symbolized by the two parts of immature Sarty s name ( Colonel Sartoris Snopes ) , conflict for the male child s psyche ( Nicolet 25 ) . In Faulkner s Barn Burning three chief characters stand out # 8211 ; Major de Spain Abner, and Sarty. Major de Spain is a member of the Southern nobility, but with a making: his name, which connects him with neither the Protestant upper category nor the Bourbons or other French-descended grandees of the Old South. The name de Spain suggests the about submersed Spanish presence in Louisiana and Florida, or even the Creole, or visible radiation skinned free inkinesss of New Orleans ( Short Stories For Students 4 ) . In the narrative Abner has a fiery self-importance and a bit on his shoulder. He takes discourtesy with authorization ( the landholders ) , and his life seems to be a series of fortunes that invoke discourtesy, retaliation, and running off after he burns the barns. Harmonizing to Loges unfavorable judgment, Abner Snopes is depicted as a adult male who will non waver to arouse the power of fire against those who oppose him. In Barn Burning the storyteller suggests that for Abner, fire has about mystical powers. This association with fire provides another correlativity with the scriptural Abner. Eight times in the Old Testament Abner is referred to as the boy of Ner. In Hebrew Net means to glitter or reflect as in a lamp ( Strong 78-80 ) . The name is derived from a Chaldeean root nuwr, which is translated in the Old Testament as fiery or fire ( Strong 77 ) . Therefore in the Hebrew, Abner becomes the boy of fire or combustion ( Loges ) . Loges believes Abner s name and his character a re similar to the Bible character Abner in the book of Samuel. In Faulkner s Barn Burning, another chief character is Colonel Sartoris Snopes, or Sarty, as he was called for short. Sarty short for Colonel Sartoris Snopes bears the name of a celebrated Rebel commanding officer from the civil war under whom, possibly, his male parent Abner Snopes served ; ( Short narratives for pupils 4 ) . In Bradford s unfavorable judgment, he refers to Sarty as an extraordinary male child who is the immature boy of Abner Snopes, the caput of that ugly kin. In the class of the narrative Sarty becomes what his given name suggests, a protagonist of that larger household that is community and a defender of right order ( Bradford 332 ) . Sarty was little and stringy like his male parent, in patched and faded denims even excessively little for him, with consecutive, uncombed, brown hair and eyes grey. This immature male child is torn between trueness to his male parent and morality, and the narrative trades with this battle. Sarty is an unsloped character, altering t hroughout the narrative as he moves from lodging to his ain blood and inherent aptitudes to believing more of himself and his ain public assistance. At first he is highly loyal to his male parent, but as the male parent digs a deeper hole for himself and his household, Sarty realizes that his life is a barbarous rhythm of the same state of affairss in every town they live. In the first scene, Sarty knows that his male parent wants him to lie, and he acknowledges that he will hold to make so, despite strong feelings that it is the incorrect thing to make. He fears his male parent more than he wishes to move as he would wish to. Harmonizing to Hiles, You re acquiring to be a adult male.You got to larn to lodge to your ain blood or you ain t traveling to hold any blood to lodge to you: Abner Snopes s warning to his boy, Colonel Sartoris ( or Sarty ) , introduces a cardinal issue in Faulkner s Barn Burning the affinity bond, which the narrative s storyteller calls the old ferocious pull of blood ( Hiles 329 ) . Sa rty watches his male parent get kicked out of town, path manure over his new employer s old-timer carpet, suffer the indignity of holding to clean it, and so fire the landlord s barn down. As this occurs, he drifts more and more out of the mentality that his male parent prefers, and he additions some sense of duty and justness and settles into the position that he will hold to take action to halt this from go oning. Finally, Sarty warns the landlord that his male parent is firing his barn, and so he leaves his household. This is an entryway into another type of life, another mentality of life, and a new freedom that would hold been nonexistent if he had remained in his male parent s clasp. Sarty changed from a male child who was really afraid of his male parent to one who took action as a immature adult male. He was cognizant of the effects of his actions and willing to confront them in stead of staying where he was. Sarty was left entirely as he watched his household travel on and g o forth him. Although Sarty had no book larning to convey into experiences, nevertheless, he did expose grounds of natural brightness his emerging sense of morality, a characteristic non shared by his male parent. The scene of Barn Burning is intensely of import to the narrative. It is the post-Civil War South, 10 to 15 old ages after the War, in which a defeated and in many ways humiliated society is seeking to keep its ain against the Northern master. The South has retreated into plantation life and small-town being. Harmonizing to Johnston, Barn Burning is a chapter in the go oning narrative of this obstinate retreat. A coevals after war, the planter-aristocracy is still rather powerful as we see by the fact that Major de Spain is a big landholder and lives in a white sign of the zodiac, staffed by Negro retainers and furnished with imported carpets and glistening pendants ( Johnston 436 ) . Privately, it maintains the societal power construction that was existing before the war. Slavery had been abolished, but the master-slave relationship outlook was really much alive. There was a great separation between the Southern nobility and the renter husbandmans and workers who did the labour on t he plantations. The Snopes belonged to the lower rank of these migratory workers, itinerant sharecrop farmers, who moved from one topographic point to another, paying for their stay by giving portion of the harvest to the landlord. In line with Abner s character, this life style created an intense bitterness. In a manner the narrative s scene could be the route since Sarty s household moved invariably and lived in at least a twelve ramshackle houses on at least a twelve plantations in his 10 short old ages. Their frequent travel from one topographic point to another was due to his male parent s quarreling and force. The waggon, heaped with suffering properties, was a consistent scene for Sarty. Faulkner s manner is to state narratives with a peculiar point of position. In Barn Burning Faulkner tells his narrative chiefly from the point of position of immature Sarty, a 10 year-old male child. Harmonizing to Franklin, Faulkner anchors the narrative most efficaciously in Sarty s perceptual experiences, and his method fits his capable absolutely ( Franklin 192 ) . He illustrated events and state of affairss as an illiterate ten-year-old would. Sarty sees images on labels of assorted goods in the shop, but can non read and understand what the labels say. Sarty was intimidated and felt really little when grownups towered above him, and he struggled with moral and rational determinations. The storyteller described Sarty s young person as a disability. Young Sarty could non show himself to convey his ain significance to his being, and this added to the power that Abner possessed over him. Sarty was unwillingly prepared to lie for his male parent and to support his him at the Justic e of Peace s tribunal. Sarty had to invariably remind himself that his male parent s enemy was besides his enemy. He besides fought a male child twice his size when the male child ridiculed Sarty s household. However, Sarty, cognizing that firing other people s belongings was incorrect, hoped that his male parent would halt these rough Acts of the Apostless. His male parent did non alteration, and subsequently, when Abner began to fire the Major s barn, Sarty s moral battle ended when he made the determination to liberate himself from his blood ties and run to warn the Major. At this point Sarty reached for the positive in life and for the opportunity to be a better adult male than his male parent. Harmonizing to Ford, the storyteller a sophisticated, rational, and first poetic presence # 8211 ; absorbs and interprets Sarty s anguish for the reader. The reader at the same time experiences the terror-struck kid s hurt and the storyteller s rationalizing of Sarty s agony. The storyte ller intermixes Sarty s yesteryear, nowadays, and hereafter, and, by superposing these beds of clip on one another, distills this moving, passionate minute to its absolute kernel ( Ford 1 ) . William Faulkner s Barn Burning is a short narrative that focuses on a household of renter husbandmans, the Snopes, in the South shortly after the Civil War. Faulkner is known for his usage of symbolism throughout his many narratives about the South, and this narrative is no exclusion. When reading Barn Burning, one can happen symbolism everyplace. Faulkner uses things every bit simple as a carpet or manure in order to convey out his points. The carpet is the belongings of Major de Spain, the adult male that hired Abner Snopes as a renter husbandman. As Abner walks up to de Spain s house, he purposefully steps in manure, and so he ignores the servant s petition to pass over his boots off before come ining the house. When he enters the de Spain house, he wipes every bit much of the manure as he can onto the expensive carpet that Major de Spain had purchased in France. He does non trouble oneself to pass over the manure off his boots until he leaves the house. The manure symbolizes Abn er s discourtesy for those who have more that he does and his desire to destruct what those above him have. The carpet symbolizes a place in life that he can non achieve. He is a acrimonious renter husbandman who refuses to work for the really things in life that cause him to be covetous of other people. Not merely did Abner non desire to work to gain money to purchase the finer things in life, he did non desire others to work and gain money to purchase them. He was clearly resentful and angry toward the Major who had worked hard and earned money to purchase finer things. He showed his hatred and green-eyed monster for the upper category when he destroyed the carpet, non one time, but twice. In Fowler s unfavorable judgment, she denotes that Much of the action in Barn Burning does concentrate, in fact, on Abner Snopes clangs with Major de Spain and the society whose values de Spain embodies. Conflict between Abner and de Spain develops about instantly in the narrative, the consequen ce of Abner s deliberate hostility ( Fowler 514 ) . Another critical symbol in the narrative is fire. The fire symbolizes the male parent s ill will and animus toward those he perceives as better than he is. The narrative used the symbolism of fire in two ways. The narrative begins and ends with the firing down of a barn. When Abner became angry and coveted retribution, he resorted to rashly destructing the belongings of whomever he thought did him wrong. Abner thought that destructing the belongings with fire would do things right. Fire destroys anything that gets in its manner. It will non halt until forced to discontinue. Just like fire, Abner had no regard for boundaries and did non discontinue until forced to. In Barn Burning fire besides represented choler and power. Due to the utmost cold, Abner built a little, contained fire. Faulkner described this fire as a little fire, neat, niggard about, a astute fire ; such fires were his male parent s wont and usage ever ( Faulkner 147 ) . From this, Faulkner showed Abner s deeper confederation with fire, its possible and its power. He respected it, and as a consequence of this regard, he used it as his greatest arm. In a sense, his relationship to fire demonstrated his relationship to his ain choler and the huge power that his choler had over him. Rather than vent his angry feelings, Abner held them in ( merely like the contained fire ) until he could flog out with full retribution by firing a barn. In decision, the struggle between Sarty and his male parent eventually ended when Sarty made the pick to swear himself and his natural sense of morality, even though it cost him his male parent and his household ties. The immature Sarty Snopes volitionally separated himself from the oppressive conditions of his household, therefore insulating himself from all he had of all time known. He had made the determination to go forth childhood and go a adult male. He had taken his hereafter into his ain custodies and would no longer let Abner or anyone else to make up ones mind how he would populate his life. Even though he was excessively immature to understand, he had accepted the pick he had made and would non look back. Faulkner ended the narrative by stating, He went on down the hill toward the dark forests within which the liquid Ag voices of the birds called unceasing the rapid and pressing whipping of the pressing and quiring bosom of the late spring dark. He did non look back ( Faul kner 157 ) .