Objectivity and Subjectivity in History - 1597 Words

According to Benny Morris, historical truth is a ‘truth about a historical event that exists independently of, and can be detached from, the subjectivities of scholars . Hence, is Morris implying that historical truths are objective? If they are indeed objective, why are historians constantly rewriting history books? Although the objectivity of some historical truths is indisputable, one must realise that most truths in history are influenced by the historians biases, limitations and his subjection to external influences. In other words, subjective elements (as mentioned above) undermine the objective interpretations of historical events. Thus, using Morriss definition of historical truth, this essay aims to marshal the argument that to†¦show more content†¦Just like the Indian historians, these Sinhalese historians have been influenced by the anti-Tamil governments in power and thus, having been subject to the influences of such governments, Sinhalese historians continu e to ostracise the Tamils even though there is significant evidence that the Jaffna Tamil Community is not at fault (Spencer, 1990). Thus, with historians being victims to political, social and religious influences, the historical interpretations made by these historians would always be shrouded with subjectivity. In all, historical truths will always be subjective for they are eclipsed by external influences which dominate a historians interpretation towards historical events. Lastly, to echo the views of Edward Hallett Carr, historical truths can never be objective because of ‘the historians need for imaginative understanding of the minds of the people with whom he is dealing, for the thought behind their acts . Historians have always been limited in the sense that unless they imagine as to what went in the minds of historical figures, they will never be able to interpret most, if not all historical events. In all, historical truths can never be objective for as Robin George Collingwood asserts, ‘in historical enquiry, the object to be discovered is not the mere event, but the thought expressed in it For example, nineteenth century historical works (by British historians) on British medieval society areShow MoreRelatedInvestigating the Extent to Which Historians Can Be Objective1137 Words   |  5 PagesObjective ‘You have reckoned that history ought to judge the past and to instruct the contemporary world as to the future. The present attempt does not yield to that high office. It will merely tell you how it really was’ - Leopold Von Ranke ‘There are no facts, only interpretations’ – Nietzsche Here we encounter two diametrically opposed views concerning objectivity. It can be argued that â€Å"true† objectivity cannot exist, as history is more exposed to differing interpretationsRead MoreLiterary Devices Of An Oral Performance Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesduring an event or the morality of a decision of which someone had to face consequences for. Books use facts and statistics to formally document. Books also use their own appearance of objectivity as an attraction to the truth it may hold. Griots use explicit subjectivity in contrast to books appearance of objectivity. More specifically, it is known that is in best interest of the griot to tell his truest version of the story because his lineage and patriotism is indelibly intertwined with the truthRead MoreThe Objectivity Of The Social Researcher Is Fatally Compromised When He Or She Takes Sides2469 Words   |  10 PagesTopic: Critically analyse the claim that the objectivity of the social researcher is fatally compromised when he or she takes sides. Introduction: There are different major concepts in sociology for the research purposes including objectivity, subjectivity and value freedom. Social researcher is not allowed to influence his view due to his values in value freedom concept. It is generally accepted idea that the human being has got values but in will be considered that the sociologist has no valuesRead MoreCan History Be Unbiased?770 Words   |  4 Pagestheorists—the lack of objectivity in history books and school textbooks is not hugely problematic. The reason for the previous claim is that, simply, when it comes to historical occurrences, bias and inclinations of perspectives—though can hypothetically be eliminated—are totally inevitable. Historians are human beings, with brains to know, comprehend, and evaluate historical events and consciousnesses to feel and sense the underlying meanings of those events. Similarly, history itself deals withRead MoreThe Beauty Of The Beholder1198 Words   |  5 PagesAn all too familiar phrase â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder† has been blanketed in the minds of society throughout history. However, how much truth lies in that phrase or belief? If one is to examine the nature of this concept, beauty first and foremost needs a specific definition. Beauty is that which brings enjoyment to the person who observes or contemplates. The answer may seem self-evident when examining different cultures around the world. Ethiopian women for example, wear a lower lipRead More History and Memory Essay example4335 Words   |  18 PagesHistory and Memory ‘Is there such a thing as â€Å"history† which is more objective than memory?’ For many years now there has been a strong debate, as regarding wether or not there is such a thing as ‘history’ that is more objective than memory. Due to memories completely subjective nature, history although also being somewhat subjective, it is a great deal more objective than memory. To discuss such a statement first one must define the terms ‘history’, ‘objective’ and ‘memory’. TheRead MoreThe Importance Of Objective Observation And Socialization944 Words   |  4 Pagessituation or environment is beneficial. Herman states that objective observation and empathy might be valuable cognitive tools in socialization and those tools can be used at Westfield State. Although, the conflict or tension between empathy or objectivity isn’t discussed because it doesn’t seem related to a sharper perception, there’s a conflict between the two cognitive tools of socialization. Is empathizing with another being a subjective process? Herman states that we need to be more objectiveRead MoreObjectivity Of Social Research : Free Of Bias Or Prejudice1643 Words   |  7 PagesObjectivity of Social Research: Free of Bias or Prejudice There is a change of belief of people: some believing that objectivity in social research is possible, others believe it to be not. Five diverse kinds of advices are progressive for Social Research not being objective: 1. Sociological decisions are biased, being painted by researcher’s personal life experiences. 2. All intentions are restricted to their connotation to specific linguistic backgrounds belonging to the similar manner. 3. AllRead More A Taxonomy of Moral Realism Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesclearly demonstrated what is involved in moral realist theory. I provide a framework which distinguishes three different versions of the theory while at the same time showing the interrelations between them. I also demonstrate how issues such as objectivity, cognitivism, and truth can be related into the discussion by means of this framework. Since morality exercises a deep influence over the way we live our lives, it is easy to appreciate why the question — whether the subject is, or can be, objectiveRead MorePsychological And Physical Aspects Of Science1683 Words   |  7 Pagesscience today, relating them to the contested notion of objectivity in which they strive for. Feminism in science will be proved significant in the sense of providing a paradigm for exposing human values suppressed within scientific work by demonstrating how assumptions of gender have influenced scientific practice. As science is not and can never be wholly objective, it will be argued that the feminist critique does not undermine the objectivity of science, nor does its contributions make it more objective

Sociological Imagination Essay - 1622 Words

Sociological Imagination Nicole Badders Galen College of Nursing Professor Sanjay Sociological Imagination Social Imagination is defined as the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces (Conley, 2012, 5). C.Wright Mills’s theory was thought to help us connect what happens to us on a personal level to what is happening to society as a greater whole. This concept can be seen as a way to also help us realize we are not alone in our struggles and decisions. I will be using this concept and applying it to a situation that I went through almost twelve years ago, when I married my husband just two weeks after I graduated high school. Personal†¦show more content†¦I in turn started to break most of my â€Å"religious† rules that I had grown up with, but being a sixteen year old girl, I didn’t care. We got engaged the summer before I started my senior year. Everyone was shocked and some were upset. My parents didn’t understand why I wanted to get married so young. I was at a point in my life where I wanted out of my house. We planned to get married on June 30th, 2001, which would be two weeks after my high school graduation. During my senior year of high school I spent a lot of time defending my decision to get married and most people did not understand it. When the day came to marry Brian, I was excited but sad at the same time. I knew that even as we sad our vows and walked out at a Mr. and Mrs. that there were people, including family that were literarily talking bets as to how long we would last. Everything was against us. My father-in-law even told us on our wedding day, â€Å"Ge t ready to live in poverty.† We started our marriage off with the odds against us. Brian was the only one with a job, we married because of our religious beliefs that you shouldn’t live together unless you were married, our family dynamic was changing and we were about to be living in a different social class then we were both used to. These things were all against us. But, at nineteen and eighteen there wasn’t much anyone could say that would have changed our minds. Sociological Imagination We both grew up in upperShow MoreRelatedSociological Imagination636 Words   |  3 Pagesproblems, family problems or an individual just may not be happy. Although, if this person uses their social imagination it may be a little easier for them to cope with their depression. Looking at their problems in a more general perspective helps them realize they are not alone and these are daily problems everyone faces. Sociologist C. Wright Mills quotes â€Å"The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the innerRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination And Me Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Sociological Imagination and Me Charles Wright Mills was a writer, a researcher, a teacher, a scholar and a well known sociologist. He was the author of the 1959 book, The Sociological Imagination. This book was poorly received by the sociological community at first, but it is one of the most widely read sociological texts today. The Sociological Imagination and Mills’ other works have had an immense impact on sociology, as he influenced many other scholars and the â€Å"New Left† movement of theRead MoreSociological Imagination Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Tierra Hodge Dr. Ngeo Boon Lin Intro to Sociology October 1, 2014 Sociological Imagination What is sociological imagination? According to C. Wright Mills sociological imagination is the ability to see how individual experiences are connected to the larger society. Sociological perspective enables one to grasp connection to history and biography. History is the background and biography is the individual’s specific experiences. C.Wright Mills came up with the idea that in order for one to understandRead MoreC. Wright Millss Sociological Imagination1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe sociological imagination, a concept coined by C. Wright Mills, is defined as, â€Å"the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and wider society.† The sociological imagination is not an innate way of thinking, therefore its inverse is commonly referred to as the ordinary way of thinking. People who think ordinarily, do not make connections between what is happening in their own milieu and what is happening in the larger society they live within. The memoir of Michael P atrick MacDonaldRead MoreSociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills942 Words   |  4 PagesSociological imagination according to C. Wright Mills (1959) â€Å"enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals† (p.5) Mills in this book of The Sociological Imagination explains how society shapes the people. Mills wants people to be able to use sociological imagination to see things in a sociology point of view, so they can know the difference between personal troubles versus personal issuesRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination By C. Wright Mills Essay1970 Words   |  8 Pagesmay not be within our control, and it takes a toll on our lives. As a person experiences something that is out of their control, it is related back to social forces; this is what the sociological imagination is. C. Wright Mills, author of â€Å"The Sociological Imagination†, explains how the sociological imagination plays a part in human development, and how certain social forces affecting the lives of those who are constantly facing hardships. He explains that the problems that we face as human beingsRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills1822 Words   |  8 PagesC. Wright Mills defines the sociological imagination as, â€Å"what they need, and what they feel they need, is a quality of mind that will help them to use information and to develop reason in order to achieve lucid summations of what is going on in the world and of what may be happening within themselves†. Mills also says that the sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. When I read Chapter One: The Promise from C. WrightRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination : C. Wright Mills907 Words   |  4 Pageslimited to their day to day life and personal experiences that are directly related to them, they cannot see the bigger picture. They do not yet know that the sociological imagination can set them free from this trap and as C. Wright Mills said, In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in many ways a magnificent one.. The sociological imagination is truly an incredible thing. Most people go through life indeed feeling trapped by the personal troubles that plague their lives and some never even considerRead MoreThe Sociological Imagination As Described By C. Wright Mills930 Words   |  4 PagesThe sociological imagination as described by C. Wright Mills is â€Å"the ability to understand the intersection between biography and history or interplay of self and the world.† (13) Mills also describes the sociological imagination by saying, â€Å"we have come to know every individual lives, from one generation to the next, in some society; that he lives out a biography, and that he lives out within some historical sequence. By the fact of his living he contributes, however minutely, to the shaping ofRead MoreSociological Imagination Coined By Sociologist C. Wright Mills1138 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout our lives we encounter numerous personal troubles, no matter big ones or trivial ones. H owever, one may seldom relate their problems in a sociological level rather often try to ascribe the blame to their personal wrongs. In this essay I would introduce the topic of sociological imagination coined by sociologist C. Wright Mills, describing how personal matters have all sorts of interwoven relationships with social issues. It is also important to realize that there are distinctions between

Industrial, French, and American Revolutions Common...

Throughout history there have been many important revolutions that have help to shape society as it is today. There are different causes, from political to religious, economic to social. Any revolution affects those in society, and creates changes for the people in the society. There are three important revolutions that took place in the late 18th century that changed the world for the better. The French Revolution, the American Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution all took place in the late 1700s. Although each had a different purpose, they all lead to a better way of life for many. The French and American Revolutions are examples of some which are brought about and enforced solely by the people. Although they had different reasons†¦show more content†¦The society saw there was a need for change, and took the opportunity to create it. They ran the revolution. Much like the French Revolution, the American Revolution was brought upon by the people who wanted a change. Gr owing numbers of immigrants added to the population in the lower and middle classes in the country, making overcrowding and poor conditions. As cities started to grow, the government- located across the ocean- decided to try and make changes, including larger taxes. The people in America did not like the idea of being ruled over by people so far away, so they began their search for new forms of authority. The people looked for independence, and their search led them to a war and the Revolution. As the country became free and independent, more and more changes were made. The Declaration of Independence was signed, and the Bill of Rights was issued. While it was largely political that change came from the American Revolution, it was Americas people created, fought, and won the American Revolution, leading to a better life for them all. Unlike France and Americas revolutions, the Industrial Revolution did not come from the peoples wants or active needs. Rather, it was only aided by th eir intervention. The Industrial Revolution transformed English, European, and American society. The outcomes from the Industrial Revolution,Show MoreRelatedComparing and Contrasting the American and French Revolutions805 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began for two reasons: political and economic, while the French Revolution began with domination and mismanagement that contributed to the French society. During the Revolution many events occurred having a major effect, such as the sugar act, currency act, and the Townshend act. The French began the Tennis Court Oath, the Storming of the Bastille, and the overthrown of Monarchy. The French Revolution followed in suit with the American Revolution, because the French were inRead MoreThe Theory Of Government, Science And The Nature Of Human Beings1466 Words   |  6 PagesAlso against absolutism, Rousseau believed that individuals should submit themselves and their rights to the whole community without reserve, creating a will of the public. In a similar way, Hutcheson believed in submission and the innate desire for social, altruistic relationships in order to created the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Individuals such as Baruch Spinoza looked at God as both creator and creation and believed in a democracy where the majority rules to protect minority rightsRead MoreLiberalism And Its Impact On Society1513 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneral population of Europe during the 1700 s, and were especially popular in the American colonies. The French had these same ideas, but approached them in the opposite way. Americans believed that our creator gave us rights, that individuals or the majority rule threatened them, and that it was the government’s job to protect those rights- as is seen in the Declaration of Independence. In contrast, the French believed that people in general were good by nature, and, while we did have these naturalRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent, yet important revolutions that have taken place in the past four centuries. These drastic and radical changes have been brought about by revolutionaries who desired a free society in which free trade, free markets, and free labor existed for the common man. These revolutions imply sudden forceful change, however, there is also evolutionary changes in society that are gradual and develop over time, which bring about many positive advancements. The French Revolution enhanced a new order ofRead MoreThe Russian N obles And Aristocrats927 Words   |  4 Pagesconsolidate its own authority but still being able to compete with nearby powers. Third Estate- The French social society was broken up into three estates the first being the clergy, the second is consisted of the nobility; and the third estate is basically everyone else from wealthy financiers to beggars and peasants. The third estate had occupations in finance, manufacturing, and commerce. This social class was an ambitious group approved of expanding the publishing industry, purchased many new homesRead MoreThe French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe greatest transformations, reformations, revolutions and many other critical events that ever took place in human history. The credit is given to all these revolutions for enlightenment of mankind. The two most important revolutions were the French revolution and the industrial revolution. One can feel that both of these revolutions mutually reinforced each other and later became the back bone of all other revolutions. On the other hand, both revolutions had totally differ ent impacts and consequencesRead MoreThe Enlightment and the French Revolution1263 Words   |  6 PagesFrance during the 18th century, there was a system named the Ancien rà ©gime, which refers to the societal, economic and political structure of France before the French Revolution. At the top of the pyramid was the absolute monarch Louis XVI. He took the throne in 1774 and received it with problems that couldn’t be fixed. (French Revolution Overview 6) Below the king came the first estate which was made of 100,000 nobles. Then came the second estate was made of 300,000 clergy. Finally came the thirdRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution1464 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"If I had asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses,† said Henry Ford. The Industrial Revolution was a stage in the evolution of human society in which a lot of change was effected, not only because of all the new technology being invented, but in the structure of socie ty. As people started to stand up for their rights and rejecting the long-standing institution of wealth determining status, the Old Regime had to adapt. France’s Constitution of 1791 had one law that classifiedRead MoreHaitian Revolution : The Revolution1199 Words   |  5 PagesHaitian Revolution: The Haitian Revolution was led by Toussaint L’Ouverture from May 20, 1743 to April 7, 1803. It has been described as the largest and most successful slave rebellion. The rebellion was initiated in 1791 by the slaves. In the end, they had succeeded in ending slavery and French control on the colony. The Haitian Revolution consisted of multiple revolutions going simultaneously. The Haitian Revolution existed from 1791 to 1804. It was important because Haiti is the only country whereRead MoreEssay about Paine and Burke1644 Words   |  7 PagesHOW FAR DO POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES OF EITHER HOBBES AND LOCKE OR PAINE AND BURKE DIFFER. This essay will examine the philosophical difference between Edmund Burke and Thomas Paine relating to the French and American Revolutions at the late Eighteenth Century. We are going to present a summary of the debate between these two different philosophers in the first part of this essay. The pros and cons of each man will be looked at in the second and third part of the essay and the final part of this

Code of Conduct Inclusion and Diversity †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Code of Conduct for Inclusion and Diversity. Answer: Introduction: The essay is to reflect on the personal experience with death and dying at palliative care ward in X hospital. Gibbss Reflective cycle model is used for this purpose. The cycle comprises of description of the event, analysis of feelings, evaluation management, and an action plan to prepare if the situation arose again (Gibbs, 1988). During an evening shift, observation round for all the patients, when I reached the room number 10, there was no reply from 82-year-old male. As I found him unconscious with no pulse, I depressed the emergency room bottom staff alert the nursing staff. This is the first event of death that I encountered in palliative care. When I analyzed my feelings, I was frustrated, and emotionally broken on failing to save patient. One of senior nurse staff told me that it was inappropriate to pull all the staff to attend the emergency call. She instructed me to depress only the room call button of the patient. However, I felt that my behavior did not breach the code of conduct as per nursing council of New Zealand. I respected the patients rights in life and death (Schmidt et al., 2017). As I evaluated my feelings, I realized that my feelings were part of the patient care in dying stage. It was integral part of palliative care (Slocum-Gori et al., 2013). I realized that I need to be more prepared for death. A solid training may help me cope up better next time and avoid such stressor as also highlighted by Cho et al., (2015). Therefore, my action plan in future would demonstrate a better understanding of patient death and realization that instructions of mentors or strong preceptors do have positive implications management for nurses to cop up with patient death and stress. I am looking forward to patient death education to be able to deliver high quality holistic care. In conclusion, I will continue to engage in reflection process to improve my nursing skills by exploring and evaluating all previous clinical experiences. References Cho, E., Sloane, D. M., Kim, E. Y., Kim, S., Choi, M., Yoo, I. Y., ... Aiken, L. H. (2015). Effects of nurse staffing, work environments, and education on patient mortality: an observational study.International journal of nursing studies,52(2), 535-542. Gibbs, G. (1988). The reflective cycle.Kitchen S (1999) An appraisal of methods of reflection and clinical supervision management. Br J Theatre Nurs,9(7), 313-7. Schmidt, B. J., MacWilliams, B. R., Neal-Boylan, L. (2017). Becoming Inclusive: A Code of Conduct for Inclusion and Diversity.Journal of Professional Nursing,33(2), 102-107. Slocum-Gori, S., Hemsworth, D., Chan, W. W., Carson, A., Kazanjian, A. (2013). Understanding compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue and burnout: A survey of the hospice palliative care workforce.Palliative Medicine,27(2), 172-178.

The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Example Essay Example

The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Example Paper The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Introduction ‘The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play.is by no means governed solely by what happens on stage. The entire theatre, its audience arrangements, its other public places its physical appearance, even its location in a city, are all important elements of the process by which an audience makes meaning of its experience’. Discuss and analyse Carlson’s statement in relation to at least one of the theatre events you have studied. Marvin Carlson makes a very valid and observant assertion here that I feel is pertinent to the study of theatre as a whole and universal issue. The idea that ‘the entire theatre’, the physical space in which a play is performed affects the audiences understanding of the theatre event, is one which, whilst has ‘remained rather narrowly focused’, ‘has long been generally accepted as a legitimate, indeed, essential part of the historical study of both drama and theatre.’1 In this essay then, I will discuss and analyse this idea (which should not remain ‘rather narrowly focused’) in conjunction with Carlson’s statement, and try to expand upon the issues he raises. In doing so, I will draw upon what I have studied in this module, and how I feel the statement applies to the theatre texts and events I have encountered. The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Body Paragraphs Firstly, I think that to understand Carlson’s belief fully, semiotics must be addresses as they cannot be removed from the issues dealt with in the statement. Semiotics ‘the study of signs – those objects by which humans communicate meaning’2 is imperative if we are to explore how humans make meaning from ‘audience arrangements’ or the theatres ‘physical appearance’, to name only two of the elements from Carlson’s statement. As Charles Pierce puts it, ‘how the audience receives and interprets signs; the semiotics of the entire theatre experience – the ‘appearance of the auditorium, the displays in the lobby, the information in the program, and countless other parts of the event as a whole’; and the iconic relationship of theatre to the life it represents’3 So semiotics is manifest to this investigation, of how ‘the signs’ make meaning. I shall now explore these ‘signsâ€⠄¢ in the statement, and how they contribute to the theatre event as a whole. Carlson first mentions ‘audience arrangements’. The audience’s space and seating undoubtedly affects their overall experience. Who they are sitting beside and how close they are to the sage, whether it is tiered seating or they are made to sit on the floor, even if they are comfortable or not. The theatre’s physical appearance, inside and out, its dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½cor and colours all make meaning for an audience member. Where the theatre is located, in relation to other buildings, its predominance in that town or city, again affects what someone will take away from their theatre visit. For example, when I had the opportunity of visiting New York for a drama trip with my school, we were fortunate enough to get the chance to see a Broadway show. The fact it was in Broadway, and was so infamous had me very excited about the production of ‘Chicago’ we were going to see. The bright lights of New York along with the stunning buildings and culture left me dazzled. Disappointingly, the show wasn’t as good as expected, however, I wasn’t as disappointed as I would have been had I went to see it in, say, The Odyssey in Belfast, somewhere I have become used to. The city and its glitter had already made meaning for me. As Whitmore says ‘When I go to Broadway I expect to see an expensive, highly professional, commercial production.’4 These issues of the entire theatre and its surroundings are what Whitmore calls ‘framing systems’5, and these ‘framing systems’ can be witnessed throughout history. Hamlet was a play we studied this semester, and in Shakespearean times, going to the theatre involved standing on ‘earth rich in hazelnut shells and apple cores. This was part of their experience, as was the shifting light and shade of a London afternoon.’6 Moreover, theatres in Shakespeare’s time w ere ‘located on the fringes of the city in rather questionable neighborhoods’7 These aspects would have affected the meaning an audience made out of a showing of Hamlet at the time. In Greek theatre, the plays were performed as ‘part of citywide religious festivals honoring the god Dionysus[.]Plays were produced for contests in which playwrights, actors, and choruses competed for prizes and for distinction among their fellow citizens. These contests, held in an outdoor amphitheater adjoining the sacred temple of the god, followed several days of religious parades and sacrifices,’8 Again all these factors would have added to the way a Greek Audience would have experienced and appreciated a play, for instance, a production of Sophocles Oedipus the King or Euripides Medea perhaps. Indeed in Medieval Theatre, audiences viewing a play which took place on a stage in a cart could not help but be affected by their surroundings! These are only three examples which i llustrate just how much the elements Carlson speaks of make meaning in a theatre event, even in these three periods, when semiotic study was unheard of. To come back to the twenty-first century, Lehmann’s idea of ‘postdramatic’ theatre (which suggests we move away from postmodern to a more dramatic and theatrical theatre)9 concurs with Carlson’s statement. This twenty-first century theory involves the audience and actor relationship and explores non-theatrical spaces or site-specific theatre10. A theatre event we encountered during this module which could be described as ‘postdramatic’ was a project called ‘pvi Australia’. This involved an oblivious audience, getting on a bus with no idea what was happening. Their was a man leading the project wearing only a pair of red speedos with his teeth painted red! As well as exploring Lehmann’s postdramatic issue of audience participation, this project looks at the theatre event as a whole. The members of the audience would have been affected majorly by who was there, the physical appearance of the bus, and their surroundings. These elements, which Carlson speaks of in his statement, I argue, make more meaning for the audience than any text or dialogue, as is the nature of this type of project. Sarah Kane’s 4.48 Psychosis is a piece of experiential theatre which involves a woman’s inner thoughts and feelings toward her desire to commit suicide. To further develop my argument at this point, I am going to take this as a case study for Carlson’s statement and imagine myself going to see it at a theatre, and how I would make meaning from it (drawing on my own personal experience of many visits to the theatre.) Firstly, depending upon the type of day I’d had I would either be in a very good mood, and feel optimistic about my theatre visit or I would possibly be troubled or tired from a long day. Next, my journey there involving my antici pation, would come into play, who I was with, whether in a car or public transport etc. When I reach the building the location and architecture would strike me and I would either feel positive about it or negative. If it is a derelict building, not that well known, I might expect the drama to be of poor quality, however, if it is a place I’d been many times (such as the Grand Opera House) where I had enjoyed plays before, I would be of the frame of mind I was going to see a good piece of theatre. As Whitmore says ‘Where a performance is located within a city can influence the anticipated meanings of a theater experience [.] I may be completely wrong about these assumptions, but they nonetheless sway my thinking about the event.’11 He goes on to say ‘The exterior architectural features of the theater itself, or the visual aesthetics of an outdoor location, contribute to the signification of a performance event. [.] Not only the size but other aspects of the theatre faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade-how ostentatious it is, whether or not it has a marquee, its color, the graphics-all contribute to the framework of a performance.’ (p. 38). These would all affect my meaning as I absorb them. The next place I would enter would be the lobby and as Whitmore goes on to say on the next page of his ‘Framing Systems’ (39) the ‘posters, models of the set, pictures of the cast, and sketches of costumes[.]help the spectator become aesthetically, intellectually, or emotionally engaged in the production.’ I myself would be looking for these, and if I hadn’t seen the play before would be gathering information from them. In the case of Kane’s 4.48 Psychosis they might offer hints at the deranged mind of the main female character, and I would begin to wonder what was ahead. As I enter my seat I would see who surrounded me, what sorts of people and, even though sub-consciously at times, be taking in their reactions as the dr ama unfolds. So, before I have even seen the piece, all these elements, most of which Carlson mentions in his contention have created meaning for me and affected my overall experience of the event as a whole. Once I had actually observed 4.48 Psychosis, I would either accept it and enjoy it, or dislike the disconcerting tone of it and leave more depressed if the surroundings were dismal also. In conclusion, it is clear that Carlson’s statement is one that definitely applies to the theatre event. Whilst his assertion is definitely an important characteristic of how an audience takes meaning from theatre, I am of the same school of thought as Jon Whitmore when he says: ‘While framing devices do shape the reading of a performance of some, or even many, audience members, these framing devices never govern all spectators. The performance itself will be the final signifier of meaning: frames [.] prepare the spectators and help refine and focus their concentration’12 Ca rlson, however, was undeniably exact when he said audience experience and appreciation ‘is by no means governed solely by what happens on stage.’ His elements are simply aspects of the expansive nature of the theatre and its affect on audience, one which is continually being investigated. We will write a custom essay sample on The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The way an audience experiences and appreciates a play Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Descarte 2nd med essays

Descarte 2nd med essays 1. Locate Cogito argument and say how it is supposed to go. 2. Locate 2nd argument and say how it is supposed to go. Within his second meditation Descartes seeks "to save himself from the general seas of skepticism..." (Blackburn, 1999, p 20). In other words he attempts to limit the all-consuming spread of doubt brought about by the evil demon hypothesis. Descartes holds that the Cogito argument establishes this point of certainty, this belief he can be certain is true, even if he is dreaming, or God or an evil demon is trying to deceive him as fully as possible. To be more specific "Cogito, ergo sum," translates to "I think, therefore I am," (Blackburn, 1999, p 20) and this forms the basis of Descartes belief in the certainty that if nothing else, he exists. Following this conclusion Descartes then argues that our clearest perception of ourselves is of ourselves as thinking things. In this paper I will aim to analyze the above two arguments. The cogito argument is located in the second paragraph of the meditation. Descartes wonders if the doubt can extend even to his own existence. But discovers that even reverting back to the evil demon hypothesis, if he is deceiving me I must exist in order to be deceived. Thus he states "I am, I exist, is necessarily true, every time I express it or conceive it in my own mind." So the premise follows that whenever I am thinking, I will have clear and distinct perception that I am thinking. So Descartes does not claim to know he has existed through time, but only that he exists at the moment of the thought, for the evil demon could have planted false memories. The proposition I am, I exist, doesn't rely on the idea that he is assured that he thinks. He has the view that thinking is self-intimating and all thinking is fully available to consciousness. He also has to defend against the proposition that 'I think, therefore I am,' is privileged over for example a propos ...

McDonald's company in the world. History and business Research Paper

McDonald's company in the world. History and business - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is McDonald as one among many international companies looking for great opportunities to establish and find business partners in rapidly growing countries for instance China, Asia, Central Europe and not forgetting India. McDonalds was established in 1940 in California by two brothers Dick and Mac McDonald. The restaurant became trendy hangout for teens in the post war affluence. In order to feed the teens the brothers made a menu in form of perennial much-loved hamburgers then expanded to four restaurants by 1953 using the assembly line system of food production. In 1955 entrepreneur Ray Kroc bought the right to franchise McDonald after noting the great success of the brothers. Ray Kroc opens his first McDonald's 0n April 15 1955 in Des Plaines, lIIinois. In 1960, Kroc renamed Mcdonald’s Corporation then he focused on marketing of McDonald products especially the family meals and children, advertisements particularly though the television that prom otes a child friendly smiling clown brand mascot, Ronald McDonald. To date the franchise has more than 30,000 restaurants worldwide in more than 119 countries serving more than 50million daily (Nayar). According to Stanton et al., the introduction of the Speedee service System in the 1948, Speedee became the company logo hence introduction of the principle of the fast food modern restaurant. In 1963 Speedee was replaced with Ronald McDonald. Due to the much trust in the success of the company Kroc suggested for the franchising of the restaurant around the country. The brothers where not ready to risk it all in the franchise of the company throughout the country so Kroc took it as his responsibility and volunteer to return to his hometown outside Chicago. With the license to open up other McDonald in the country, apart from other territories in Arizona and California licensed already by the McDonald’s brothers. As already mentioned the first restaurant was opened in Des Plaine s, Illinois by Kroc then he incorporated his company as McDonald’s corporation in April 1955. Kroc encountered a number of challenges in the new ventures. The first challenge particularly was adapting the McDonald’s building that was design for the climate in the northern. Installation of a basement was required to house a furnace, also it was difficult for the adequate ventilation, as warm air in the winter were sucked out by the exhaust fans and cool air in the summer. However, the most frustrating hurdle was the failure by Kroc to reproduce the delicious french fries initially. Kroc sought for franchisees for the McDonald’s chain once the Des Plaines was operational. The other snag came closely in 1956 he discovered that the brothers had given the license of franchisees to the Cook County, Illinois to the Frejlack Ice cream Company. Kroc was angry because the McDonald’s brothers had not informed him of the arrangement. Consequently he purchased the rig ht back five times higher than Frejlack originally paid for. He made a decision that it is best for the restaurant to be established first before they are franchised out, this will enable him to have control over the uniformity of the McDonald’s stores. In the early years the McDonald’s restaurants were mainly situated in the suburbs. In order to accommodate his U- shape